| In Vitro | In vitro activity: BMS-806, a 7-azaindole derivative, binds gp120 and interferes with the interaction of HIV surface protein gp120 with the host cell receptor CD4. BMS-806 inhibits a panel of macrophage- and T cell-tropic HIV-1 strains, which are laboratory strains that use either CCR5 (M-tropic) or CXR4 (T-tropic) co-receptors to enter cells and are classified as B subtypes. The aqueous solubility from the crystalline form of BMS-806 (BMS 378806) is 170 μg/mL. The solubility of BMS-806 is 1.3 mg/mL at pH=2.1 and 3.3 mg/mL at pH=11, a solubility profile that reveals the amphoteric nature of BMS-806 and estimates the pKa of the protonated form as 2.9 while that of the free base is approximately 9.6. BMS-806 competes with soluble CD4 binding to a monomeric form of gp120 in an ELISA assay with IC50 = ~ 100 nM. BMS-806 is specific towards HIV-1, with no significant inhibitory activity against HIV-2, SIV, MuLV, RSV, HCMV, BVDV, VSV, and influenza virus observed at concentrations ranging from 10 to 30 μM and no overt cytotoxicity toward host cells, CC50 values> 225 μM. BMS-806 binds directly to gp120 at a stoichiometry of approximately 1:1, with a binding affinity similar to that of soluble CD4. The potential BMS-806 target site is localized to a specific region within the CD4 binding pocket of gp120 by using HIV-1 gp120 variants carrying either compound-selected resistant substitutions or gp120-CD4 contact site mutations.
Kinase Assay: In general, host cells are infected with HIV-1 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.005 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/cell followed by incubation in the presence of serially diluted inhibitors for 4 to 7 days. Virus yields are quantitated using an RT assay or a p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (NEN). The results from at least three experiments are used to calculate the 50% effective concentrations (EC50s). The EC50s of IDV, SQV, RTV, and NFV are compared to that of BMS-806 using Dunnett's test. These comparisons are made separately within each assay system. Dunnett's test is used to reduce the probability of false-positive results when a number of treatments are being compared to a control. Confidence bounds for the fold increases in EC50s observes when the same drug is tested in two different assay systems are computed using Fieller's theorem. The use of this theorem is necessary because ratios of parameters (in this case, EC50s) are known not to follow a standard probability distribution, such as the normal distribution. Numbers within the confidence interval are not significantly different from the observed fold increase at the 95% level.
Cell Assay: To determine cytotoxicity, MT-2 cells are incubated in the presence of serially diluted BMS-806 for 6 days and cell viability is quantitated using an XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] assay to calculate the 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50s). |
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| In Vivo | When BMS-806 is administered dose-proportional increases in the AUC and Cmax is observed. In rat, dog and monkey, plasma levels of drug exceeded the concentrations required to half-maximally inhibit virus replication in vitro. The volume of distribution of BMS-806 ranges from 0.4 to 0.6 L/kg, indicative of partitioning beyond plasma; however, examination of brain levels in the rat revealed minimal CNS penetration. BMS-806 is stable in human, rat, dog and monkey blood at 37 °C during a 2-h incubation. The blood-to-plasma concentration ratios in humans, rats, dogs and monkeys are 1.1, 0.77, 1.2 and 0.92 (n=3), respectively, suggesting that BMS-806 is distributed to approximately the same extent between plasma and blood cells. The human clearance of BMS-806 predicted from microsomes is 9.2 ml/min/kg (46% of the hepatic blood flow). |
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