Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride, an anthocyanin monomer, induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells cycle arrest and apoptosis. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride inhibits the production and accumulation of ROS. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride has anti-tumor function[1].

Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (50, 100, 200 μg/mL; for 24, 48, 72 h) displays obvious cytotoxicity on Huh-7 cells and has no significant effect with 50 and 100 μg/mL for 48 h. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride has a notable cytotoxic effect against Huh-7 cells at 72 h[1]. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (50-200 μg/mL) arrests the cells in the S phase, accompanied by the cells in the G1 phase decreased, and the cells in the S phase increased[1]. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (50-200 μg/mL; for 72 h) induces cell apoptosis in Huh-7 cells[1]. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (50-200 μg/mL; for 72 h) markedly increased the levels of caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP in a dose-dependent manner[1]. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (50-200 μg/mL; for 12 h) inhibits the production and accumulation of ROS[1]. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (50-200 μg/mL; for 12 h) dramatically reduces the level of phosphorylation ERK (p-ERK) in a dose-dependent manner. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride with 200 μg/mL markedly increases the phosphorylation level of p38 and JNK (p-p38 and p-JNK)[1]. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (50-200 μg/mL; for 12 h) inhibits the migration and invasion in Huh-7 cells[1].

[1]. Jie Lin, et al. Malvidin-3-galactoside from blueberry suppresses the growth and metastasis potential of hepatocellular carcinoma cell Huh-7 by regulating apoptosis and metastases pathways. Food Science and Human Wellness, Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 136-145.