DGDG1_ARATH
ID DGDG1_ARATH Reviewed; 808 AA.
AC Q9S7D1; Q3EB81; W8PUU5;
DT 17-OCT-2006, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 01-MAY-2000, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 126.
DE RecName: Full=Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1, chloroplastic;
DE EC=2.4.1.241;
DE Flags: Precursor;
GN Name=DGD1; OrderedLocusNames=At3g11670; ORFNames=T19F11.7;
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA], FUNCTION, DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE,
RP AND MUTAGENESIS OF 640-TYR--TRP-808.
RX PubMed=10381884; DOI=10.1126/science.284.5423.2181;
RA Doermann P., Balbo I., Benning C.;
RT "Arabidopsis galactolipid biosynthesis and lipid trafficking mediated by
RT DGD1.";
RL Science 284:2181-2184(1999).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RX PubMed=24905498; DOI=10.1111/tpj.12577;
RA Lao J., Oikawa A., Bromley J.R., McInerney P., Suttangkakul A.,
RA Smith-Moritz A.M., Plahar H., Chiu T.-Y., Gonzalez Fernandez-Nino S.M.G.,
RA Ebert B., Yang F., Christiansen K.M., Hansen S.F., Stonebloom S.,
RA Adams P.D., Ronald P.C., Hillson N.J., Hadi M.Z., Vega-Sanchez M.E.,
RA Loque D., Scheller H.V., Heazlewood J.L.;
RT "The plant glycosyltransferase clone collection for functional genomics.";
RL Plant J. 79:517-529(2014).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11130713; DOI=10.1038/35048706;
RA Salanoubat M., Lemcke K., Rieger M., Ansorge W., Unseld M., Fartmann B.,
RA Valle G., Bloecker H., Perez-Alonso M., Obermaier B., Delseny M.,
RA Boutry M., Grivell L.A., Mache R., Puigdomenech P., De Simone V.,
RA Choisne N., Artiguenave F., Robert C., Brottier P., Wincker P.,
RA Cattolico L., Weissenbach J., Saurin W., Quetier F., Schaefer M.,
RA Mueller-Auer S., Gabel C., Fuchs M., Benes V., Wurmbach E., Drzonek H.,
RA Erfle H., Jordan N., Bangert S., Wiedelmann R., Kranz H., Voss H.,
RA Holland R., Brandt P., Nyakatura G., Vezzi A., D'Angelo M., Pallavicini A.,
RA Toppo S., Simionati B., Conrad A., Hornischer K., Kauer G., Loehnert T.-H.,
RA Nordsiek G., Reichelt J., Scharfe M., Schoen O., Bargues M., Terol J.,
RA Climent J., Navarro P., Collado C., Perez-Perez A., Ottenwaelder B.,
RA Duchemin D., Cooke R., Laudie M., Berger-Llauro C., Purnelle B., Masuy D.,
RA de Haan M., Maarse A.C., Alcaraz J.-P., Cottet A., Casacuberta E.,
RA Monfort A., Argiriou A., Flores M., Liguori R., Vitale D., Mannhaupt G.,
RA Haase D., Schoof H., Rudd S., Zaccaria P., Mewes H.-W., Mayer K.F.X.,
RA Kaul S., Town C.D., Koo H.L., Tallon L.J., Jenkins J., Rooney T., Rizzo M.,
RA Walts A., Utterback T., Fujii C.Y., Shea T.P., Creasy T.H., Haas B.,
RA Maiti R., Wu D., Peterson J., Van Aken S., Pai G., Militscher J.,
RA Sellers P., Gill J.E., Feldblyum T.V., Preuss D., Lin X., Nierman W.C.,
RA Salzberg S.L., White O., Venter J.C., Fraser C.M., Kaneko T., Nakamura Y.,
RA Sato S., Kato T., Asamizu E., Sasamoto S., Kimura T., Idesawa K.,
RA Kawashima K., Kishida Y., Kiyokawa C., Kohara M., Matsumoto M., Matsuno A.,
RA Muraki A., Nakayama S., Nakazaki N., Shinpo S., Takeuchi C., Wada T.,
RA Watanabe A., Yamada M., Yasuda M., Tabata S.;
RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 3 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nature 408:820-822(2000).
RN [4]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [5]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=14593172; DOI=10.1126/science.1088305;
RA Yamada K., Lim J., Dale J.M., Chen H., Shinn P., Palm C.J., Southwick A.M.,
RA Wu H.C., Kim C.J., Nguyen M., Pham P.K., Cheuk R.F., Karlin-Newmann G.,
RA Liu S.X., Lam B., Sakano H., Wu T., Yu G., Miranda M., Quach H.L.,
RA Tripp M., Chang C.H., Lee J.M., Toriumi M.J., Chan M.M., Tang C.C.,
RA Onodera C.S., Deng J.M., Akiyama K., Ansari Y., Arakawa T., Banh J.,
RA Banno F., Bowser L., Brooks S.Y., Carninci P., Chao Q., Choy N., Enju A.,
RA Goldsmith A.D., Gurjal M., Hansen N.F., Hayashizaki Y., Johnson-Hopson C.,
RA Hsuan V.W., Iida K., Karnes M., Khan S., Koesema E., Ishida J., Jiang P.X.,
RA Jones T., Kawai J., Kamiya A., Meyers C., Nakajima M., Narusaka M.,
RA Seki M., Sakurai T., Satou M., Tamse R., Vaysberg M., Wallender E.K.,
RA Wong C., Yamamura Y., Yuan S., Shinozaki K., Davis R.W., Theologis A.,
RA Ecker J.R.;
RT "Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis
RT genome.";
RL Science 302:842-846(2003).
RN [6]
RP SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
RX PubMed=11429410; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m104652200;
RA Froehlich J.E., Benning C., Doermann P.;
RT "The digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthase DGD1 is inserted into the
RT outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts in a manner independent of the
RT general import pathway and does not depend on direct interaction with
RT monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase for DGDG biosynthesis.";
RL J. Biol. Chem. 276:31806-31812(2001).
RN [7]
RP INDUCTION, AND FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=14600212; DOI=10.1105/tpc016675;
RA Kelly A.A., Froehlich J.E., Doermann P.;
RT "Disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and
RT DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of
RT galactolipid synthesis.";
RL Plant Cell 15:2694-2706(2003).
RN [8]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=15961080; DOI=10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.049;
RA Guo J., Zhang Z., Bi Y., Yang W., Xu Y., Zhang L.;
RT "Decreased stability of photosystem I in dgd1 mutant of Arabidopsis
RT thaliana.";
RL FEBS Lett. 579:3619-3624(2005).
RN [9]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=16854937; DOI=10.1093/pcp/pcj089;
RA Ivanov A.G., Hendrickson L., Krol M., Selstam E., Oquist G., Hurry V.,
RA Huner N.P.;
RT "Digalactosyl-diacylglycerol deficiency impairs the capacity for
RT photosynthetic intersystem electron transport and state transitions in
RT Arabidopsis thaliana due to photosystem I acceptor-side limitations.";
RL Plant Cell Physiol. 47:1146-1157(2006).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Involved in the synthesis of diacylglycerol galactolipids
CC that are specifically found in thylakoid membranes. Specific for alpha-
CC glycosidic linkages (PubMed:10381884, PubMed:14600212). Responsible for
CC the final assembly of galactolipids in photosynthetic membranes.
CC Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) provides stability to the photosystem
CC I (PSI) complex, especially to the PsaA, PsaB, PsaC, PsaL and PsaH
CC subunits (PubMed:15961080, PubMed:16854937).
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10381884, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14600212,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:15961080, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16854937}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol + UDP-alpha-
CC D-galactose = 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-
CC galactosyl]-sn-glycerol + H(+) + UDP; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:10520,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:17615, ChEBI:CHEBI:28396,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58223, ChEBI:CHEBI:66914; EC=2.4.1.241;
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast outer membrane
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11429410}.
CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS:
CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=2;
CC Name=1;
CC IsoId=Q9S7D1-1; Sequence=Displayed;
CC Name=2;
CC IsoId=Q9S7D1-2; Sequence=VSP_022342;
CC -!- INDUCTION: 6-fold up-regulation by phosphate deficiency.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:14600212}.
CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: Altered thylakoid membrane lipid composition and
CC stunted phenotype. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10381884}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase group 1 family.
CC Glycosyltransferase 4 subfamily. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR EMBL; AF149842; AAD42379.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AF149841; AAD42378.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; KJ138827; AHL38767.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AC009918; AAF02140.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002686; AEE75081.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002686; AEE75082.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AY101521; AAM26642.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AY075649; AAL77656.1; -; mRNA.
DR RefSeq; NP_187773.1; NM_111999.4. [Q9S7D1-1]
DR RefSeq; NP_850561.1; NM_180230.1. [Q9S7D1-2]
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q9S7D1; -.
DR SMR; Q9S7D1; -.
DR STRING; 3702.AT3G11670.1; -.
DR SwissLipids; SLP:000001451; -.
DR CAZy; GT4; Glycosyltransferase Family 4.
DR iPTMnet; Q9S7D1; -.
DR PaxDb; Q9S7D1; -.
DR PRIDE; Q9S7D1; -.
DR ProteomicsDB; 224036; -. [Q9S7D1-1]
DR EnsemblPlants; AT3G11670.1; AT3G11670.1; AT3G11670. [Q9S7D1-1]
DR EnsemblPlants; AT3G11670.2; AT3G11670.2; AT3G11670. [Q9S7D1-2]
DR GeneID; 820339; -.
DR Gramene; AT3G11670.1; AT3G11670.1; AT3G11670. [Q9S7D1-1]
DR Gramene; AT3G11670.2; AT3G11670.2; AT3G11670. [Q9S7D1-2]
DR KEGG; ath:AT3G11670; -.
DR Araport; AT3G11670; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2098333; AT3G11670.
DR eggNOG; ENOG502QQ73; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_011647_0_1_1; -.
DR InParanoid; Q9S7D1; -.
DR OMA; DHAKHDP; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q9S7D1; -.
DR BioCyc; MetaCyc:AT3G11670-MON; -.
DR BRENDA; 2.4.1.241; 399.
DR PRO; PR:Q9S7D1; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 3.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q9S7D1; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; Q9S7D1; AT.
DR GO; GO:0009707; C:chloroplast outer membrane; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0005739; C:mitochondrion; HDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0046481; F:digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase activity; IEA:UniProtKB-EC.
DR GO; GO:0016757; F:glycosyltransferase activity; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0035250; F:UDP-galactosyltransferase activity; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0019375; P:galactolipid biosynthetic process; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009867; P:jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009809; P:lignin biosynthetic process; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0031408; P:oxylipin biosynthetic process; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0042550; P:photosystem I stabilization; TAS:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009266; P:response to temperature stimulus; IMP:TAIR.
DR InterPro; IPR044525; DGDG1/2.
DR InterPro; IPR001296; Glyco_trans_1.
DR PANTHER; PTHR46132; PTHR46132; 1.
DR Pfam; PF00534; Glycos_transf_1; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Alternative splicing; Chloroplast; Glycosyltransferase; Membrane; Plastid;
KW Plastid outer membrane; Reference proteome; Transferase; Transit peptide.
FT TRANSIT 1..58
FT /note="Chloroplast"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT CHAIN 59..808
FT /note="Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1,
FT chloroplastic"
FT /id="PRO_0000252337"
FT REGION 1..23
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT VAR_SEQ 640..808
FT /note="Missing (in isoform 2)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT /id="VSP_022342"
FT MUTAGEN 640..808
FT /note="Missing: In dgd1-1; altered thylakoid membrane lipid
FT composition and stunted phenotype."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10381884"
SQ SEQUENCE 808 AA; 91829 MW; A6FC227AF98BB24D CRC64;
MVKETLIPPS STSMTTGTSS SSSLSMTLSS TNALSFLSKG WREVWDSADA DLQLMRDRAN
SVKNLASTFD REIENFLNNS ARSAFPVGSP SASSFSNEIG IMKKLQPKIS EFRRVYSAPE
ISRKVMERWG PARAKLGMDL SAIKKAIVSE MELDERQGVL EMSRLRRRRN SDRVRFTEFF
AEAERDGEAY FGDWEPIRSL KSRFKEFEKR SSLEILSGFK NSEFVEKLKT SFKSIYKETD
EAKDVPPLDV PELLACLVRQ SEPFLDQIGV RKDTCDRIVE SLCKCKSQQL WRLPSAQASD
LIENDNHGVD LDMRIASVLQ STGHHYDGGF WTDFVKPETP ENKRHVAIVT TASLPWMTGT
AVNPLFRAAY LAKAAKQSVT LVVPWLCESD QELVYPNNLT FSSPEEQESY IRKWLEERIG
FKADFKISFY PGKFSKERRS IFPAGDTSQF ISSKDADIAI LEEPEHLNWY YHGKRWTDKF
NHVVGIVHTN YLEYIKREKN GALQAFFVNH VNNWVTRAYC DKVLRLSAAT QDLPKSVVCN
VHGVNPKFLM IGEKIAEERS RGEQAFSKGA YFLGKMVWAK GYRELIDLMA KHKSELGSFN
LDVYGNGEDA VEVQRAAKKH DLNLNFLKGR DHADDALHKY KVFINPSISD VLCTATAEAL
AMGKFVVCAD HPSNEFFRSF PNCLTYKTSE DFVSKVQEAM TKEPLPLTPE QMYNLSWEAA
TQRFMEYSDL DKILNNGEGG RKMRKSRSVP SFNEVVDGGL AFSHYVLTGN DFLRLCTGAT
PRTKDYDNQH CKDLNLVPPH VHKPIFGW
