FLC_ARATH
ID FLC_ARATH Reviewed; 196 AA.
AC Q9S7Q7;
DT 05-DEC-2001, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 01-MAY-2000, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 161.
DE RecName: Full=MADS-box protein FLOWERING LOCUS C {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10330478};
DE AltName: Full=MADS-box protein FLOWERING LOCUS F {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10072403};
GN Name=FLC {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10330478};
GN Synonyms=FLF {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10072403};
GN OrderedLocusNames=At5g10140 {ECO:0000312|Araport:AT5G10140};
GN ORFNames=T31P16.130 {ECO:0000312|EMBL:CAB92055.1};
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. C24, and cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=10072403; DOI=10.2307/3870872;
RA Sheldon C.C., Burn J.E., Perez P.P., Metzger J., Edwards J.A.,
RA Peacock W.J., Dennis E.S.;
RT "The FLF MADS box gene: a repressor of flowering in Arabidopsis regulated
RT by vernalization and methylation.";
RL Plant Cell 11:445-458(1999).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RX PubMed=10330478; DOI=10.2307/3870827;
RA Michaels S.D., Amasino R.M.;
RT "FLOWERING LOCUS C encodes a novel MADS domain protein that acts as a
RT repressor of flowering.";
RL Plant Cell 11:949-956(1999).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11130714; DOI=10.1038/35048507;
RA Tabata S., Kaneko T., Nakamura Y., Kotani H., Kato T., Asamizu E.,
RA Miyajima N., Sasamoto S., Kimura T., Hosouchi T., Kawashima K., Kohara M.,
RA Matsumoto M., Matsuno A., Muraki A., Nakayama S., Nakazaki N., Naruo K.,
RA Okumura S., Shinpo S., Takeuchi C., Wada T., Watanabe A., Yamada M.,
RA Yasuda M., Sato S., de la Bastide M., Huang E., Spiegel L., Gnoj L.,
RA O'Shaughnessy A., Preston R., Habermann K., Murray J., Johnson D.,
RA Rohlfing T., Nelson J., Stoneking T., Pepin K., Spieth J., Sekhon M.,
RA Armstrong J., Becker M., Belter E., Cordum H., Cordes M., Courtney L.,
RA Courtney W., Dante M., Du H., Edwards J., Fryman J., Haakensen B.,
RA Lamar E., Latreille P., Leonard S., Meyer R., Mulvaney E., Ozersky P.,
RA Riley A., Strowmatt C., Wagner-McPherson C., Wollam A., Yoakum M., Bell M.,
RA Dedhia N., Parnell L., Shah R., Rodriguez M., Hoon See L., Vil D.,
RA Baker J., Kirchoff K., Toth K., King L., Bahret A., Miller B., Marra M.A.,
RA Martienssen R., McCombie W.R., Wilson R.K., Murphy G., Bancroft I.,
RA Volckaert G., Wambutt R., Duesterhoeft A., Stiekema W., Pohl T.,
RA Entian K.-D., Terryn N., Hartley N., Bent E., Johnson S., Langham S.-A.,
RA McCullagh B., Robben J., Grymonprez B., Zimmermann W., Ramsperger U.,
RA Wedler H., Balke K., Wedler E., Peters S., van Staveren M., Dirkse W.,
RA Mooijman P., Klein Lankhorst R., Weitzenegger T., Bothe G., Rose M.,
RA Hauf J., Berneiser S., Hempel S., Feldpausch M., Lamberth S.,
RA Villarroel R., Gielen J., Ardiles W., Bents O., Lemcke K., Kolesov G.,
RA Mayer K.F.X., Rudd S., Schoof H., Schueller C., Zaccaria P., Mewes H.-W.,
RA Bevan M., Fransz P.F.;
RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nature 408:823-826(2000).
RN [4]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [5]
RP FUNCTION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Pi-0;
RX PubMed=10716723; DOI=10.1073/pnas.97.7.3753;
RA Sheldon C.C., Rouse D.T., Finnegan E.J., Peacock W.J., Dennis E.S.;
RT "The molecular basis of vernalization: the central role of FLOWERING LOCUS
RT C (FLC).";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:3753-3758(2000).
RN [6]
RP FUNCTION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11283346; DOI=10.2307/3871350;
RA Michaels S.D., Amasino R.M.;
RT "Loss of flowering locus c activity eliminates the late-flowering phenotype
RT of frigida and autonomous pathway mutations but not responsiveness to
RT vernalization.";
RL Plant Cell 13:935-942(2001).
RN [7]
RP REGULATION.
RX PubMed=14593187; DOI=10.1126/science.1091109;
RA He Y., Michaels S.D., Amasino R.M.;
RT "Regulation of flowering time by histone acetylation in Arabidopsis.";
RL Science 302:1751-1754(2003).
RN [8]
RP INDUCTION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=14712276; DOI=10.1038/nature02195;
RA Sung S., Amasino R.M.;
RT "Vernalization in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by the PHD finger
RT protein VIN3.";
RL Nature 427:159-164(2004).
RN [9]
RP REGULATION.
RX PubMed=16299497; DOI=10.1038/ncb1329;
RA Zhao Z., Yu Y., Meyer D., Wu C., Shen W.-H.;
RT "Prevention of early flowering by expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C requires
RT methylation of histone H3 K36.";
RL Nat. Cell Biol. 7:1256-1260(2005).
RN [10]
RP INDUCTION BY HUA2.
RX PubMed=15659097; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02300.x;
RA Doyle M.R., Bizzell C.M., Keller M.R., Michaels S.D., Song J., Noh Y.-S.,
RA Amasino R.M.;
RT "HUA2 is required for the expression of floral repressors in Arabidopsis
RT thaliana.";
RL Plant J. 41:376-385(2005).
RN [11]
RP REGULATION.
RX PubMed=17996704; DOI=10.1016/j.molcel.2007.10.018;
RA Liu F., Quesada V., Crevillen P., Baeurle I., Swiezewski S., Dean C.;
RT "The Arabidopsis RNA-binding protein FCA requires a lysine-specific
RT demethylase 1 homolog to downregulate FLC.";
RL Mol. Cell 28:398-407(2007).
RN [12]
RP REGULATION.
RX PubMed=17921315; DOI=10.1105/tpc.107.052373;
RA Jiang D., Yang W., He Y., Amasino R.M.;
RT "Arabidopsis relatives of the human lysine-specific demethylase1 repress
RT the expression of FWA and FLOWERING LOCUS C and thus promote the floral
RT transition.";
RL Plant Cell 19:2975-2987(2007).
RN [13]
RP REGULATION BY ATX1, AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia, and cv. Wassilewskija;
RX PubMed=18375656; DOI=10.1105/tpc.108.058172;
RA Pien S., Fleury D., Mylne J.S., Crevillen P., Inze D., Avramova Z.,
RA Dean C., Grossniklaus U.;
RT "ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1 dynamically regulates FLOWERING LOCUS C activation
RT via histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation.";
RL Plant Cell 20:580-588(2008).
RN [14]
RP INDUCTION BY RBG7.
RX PubMed=18573194; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03591.x;
RA Streitner C., Danisman S., Wehrle F., Schoening J.C., Alfano J.R.,
RA Staiger D.;
RT "The small glycine-rich RNA binding protein AtGRP7 promotes floral
RT transition in Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Plant J. 56:239-250(2008).
RN [15]
RP FUNCTION, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
RX PubMed=19121105; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03776.x;
RA Choi J., Hyun Y., Kang M.J., In Yun H., Yun J.Y., Lister C., Dean C.,
RA Amasino R.M., Noh B., Noh Y.S., Choi Y.;
RT "Resetting and regulation of Flowering Locus C expression during
RT Arabidopsis reproductive development.";
RL Plant J. 57:918-931(2009).
RN [16]
RP INDUCTION BY EMF1 AND EMF2.
RX PubMed=19783648; DOI=10.1104/pp.109.143495;
RA Kim S.Y., Zhu T., Sung Z.R.;
RT "Epigenetic regulation of gene programs by EMF1 and EMF2 in Arabidopsis.";
RL Plant Physiol. 152:516-528(2010).
RN [17]
RP INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=22904146; DOI=10.1105/tpc.112.101915;
RA Yasui Y., Mukougawa K., Uemoto M., Yokofuji A., Suzuri R., Nishitani A.,
RA Kohchi T.;
RT "The phytochrome-interacting VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER1 and VOZ2
RT redundantly regulate flowering in Arabidopsis.";
RL Plant Cell 24:3248-3263(2012).
RN [18]
RP FUNCTION, DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE, AND INDUCTION BY ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=25267112; DOI=10.1038/ncomms6098;
RA Gan E.-S., Xu Y., Wong J.-Y., Goh J.G., Sun B., Wee W.-Y., Huang J.,
RA Ito T.;
RT "Jumonji demethylases moderate precocious flowering at elevated temperature
RT via regulation of FLC in Arabidopsis.";
RL Nat. Commun. 5:5098-5098(2014).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Putative transcription factor that seems to play a central
CC role in the regulation of flowering time in the late-flowering
CC phenotype by interacting with 'FRIGIDA', the autonomous and the
CC vernalization flowering pathways. Inhibits flowering by repressing
CC 'SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1'. At elevated temperatures
CC (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius), maintained at high levels in a JMJ30/JMJ32-
CC dependent manner to prevent extreme precocious flowering
CC (PubMed:25267112). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10716723,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:11283346, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19121105,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25267112}.
CC -!- INTERACTION:
CC Q9S7Q7; Q9FVC1: SVP; NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-2127872, EBI-592058;
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus {ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00251,
CC ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00768}.
CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS:
CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=1;
CC Comment=A number of isoforms are produced. According to EST
CC sequences.;
CC Name=1;
CC IsoId=Q9S7Q7-1; Sequence=Displayed;
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: High expression in the vegetative apex and in root
CC tissue and lower expression in leaves and stems. Not detected in young
CC tissues of the inflorescence. Before fertilization, expressed in
CC ovules, but not in pollen or stamens, of non-vernalized plants. After
CC vernalization, not detected in ovules. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19121105}.
CC -!- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Found in shoots of non-flowering plants grown
CC under long-day conditions at days 4 to 15, and in shoots of plants
CC grown under short-day conditions at days 4 to 11 after germination
CC (PubMed:19121105). Expressed in embryos from the early globular stage
CC (PubMed:19121105). FLC is not imprinted and both parental alleles
CC contribute equally to expression in embryos (PubMed:19121105).
CC Expression is repressed during gametogenesis, and is then reactivated
CC after fertilization in embryos (PubMed:19121105). In seedlings,
CC observed in the vasculature of the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and the
CC first pair of leaves (PubMed:18375656). Just prior to flowering, a
CC strong reduction in expression levels occurs in the vasculature
CC (PubMed:18375656). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18375656,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:19121105}.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Epigenetically down-regulated by vernalization.
CC Vernalization repression is initiated by VIN3. Repressed by silencing
CC mediated by polycomb group (PcG) protein complex containing EMF1 and
CC EMF2. Up-regulated by HUA2. Down-regulated by VOZ1 and/or VOZ2. Down-
CC regulated by RBG7. Accumulates at elevated temperatures via a
CC JMJ30/JMJ32-mediated epigenetic regulation (e.g. removal of the
CC repressive histone modification H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3))
CC (PubMed:25267112). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:14712276,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:15659097, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18573194,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:19783648, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22904146,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25267112}.
CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: Early-flowering phenotype at elevated
CC temperatures (e.g. 29 degrees Celsius) but not at room temperature
CC (e.g. 22 degrees Celsius). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25267112}.
CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: Prevention of early flowering by expression of FLC
CC requires methylation of 'Lys-36' of histone H3. Repression of FLC is
CC dependent on histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation which is partly controlled
CC by the lysine-specific demthylase 1 (LSD1) homologs, LDL1, LDL2 and
CC FLD. May also be regulated by the level of histone acetylation.
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DR EMBL; AF116527; AAD21248.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AF116528; AAD21249.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AL356332; CAB92055.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002688; AED91498.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR PIR; T50018; T50018.
DR RefSeq; NP_196576.1; NM_121052.3. [Q9S7Q7-1]
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q9S7Q7; -.
DR SMR; Q9S7Q7; -.
DR BioGRID; 16156; 13.
DR DIP; DIP-51640N; -.
DR IntAct; Q9S7Q7; 7.
DR STRING; 3702.AT5G10140.1; -.
DR PaxDb; Q9S7Q7; -.
DR PRIDE; Q9S7Q7; -.
DR EnsemblPlants; AT5G10140.1; AT5G10140.1; AT5G10140. [Q9S7Q7-1]
DR GeneID; 830878; -.
DR Gramene; AT5G10140.1; AT5G10140.1; AT5G10140. [Q9S7Q7-1]
DR KEGG; ath:AT5G10140; -.
DR Araport; AT5G10140; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2184118; AT5G10140.
DR eggNOG; KOG0014; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_053053_0_4_1; -.
DR InParanoid; Q9S7Q7; -.
DR OMA; ANELRIW; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q9S7Q7; -.
DR PRO; PR:Q9S7Q7; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 5.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q9S7Q7; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; Q9S7Q7; AT.
DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0032991; C:protein-containing complex; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0003700; F:DNA-binding transcription factor activity; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0000981; F:DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0046983; F:protein dimerization activity; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0000978; F:RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0000976; F:transcription cis-regulatory region binding; IPI:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0030154; P:cell differentiation; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0010582; P:floral meristem determinacy; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0009910; P:negative regulation of flower development; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0045944; P:positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0042752; P:regulation of circadian rhythm; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:2000028; P:regulation of photoperiodism, flowering; IMP:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0006357; P:regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0009266; P:response to temperature stimulus; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010048; P:vernalization response; IEP:TAIR.
DR CDD; cd00265; MADS_MEF2_like; 1.
DR Gene3D; 3.40.1810.10; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR033896; MADS_MEF2-like.
DR InterPro; IPR002487; TF_Kbox.
DR InterPro; IPR002100; TF_MADSbox.
DR InterPro; IPR036879; TF_MADSbox_sf.
DR Pfam; PF01486; K-box; 1.
DR Pfam; PF00319; SRF-TF; 1.
DR PRINTS; PR00404; MADSDOMAIN.
DR SMART; SM00432; MADS; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF55455; SSF55455; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS51297; K_BOX; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS00350; MADS_BOX_1; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS50066; MADS_BOX_2; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Alternative splicing; Developmental protein; Differentiation; DNA-binding;
KW Flowering; Nucleus; Reference proteome; Repressor; Transcription;
KW Transcription regulation.
FT CHAIN 1..196
FT /note="MADS-box protein FLOWERING LOCUS C"
FT /id="PRO_0000199481"
FT DOMAIN 1..61
FT /note="MADS-box"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00251"
FT DOMAIN 80..170
FT /note="K-box"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00629"
FT MOTIF 8..15
FT /note="Nuclear localization signal"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00768"
SQ SEQUENCE 196 AA; 21865 MW; 656085A2B157FF42 CRC64;
MGRKKLEIKR IENKSSRQVT FSKRRNGLIE KARQLSVLCD ASVALLVVSA SGKLYSFSSG
DNLVKILDRY GKQHADDLKA LDHQSKALNY GSHYELLELV DSKLVGSNVK NVSIDALVQL
EEHLETALSV TRAKKTELML KLVENLKEKE KMLKEENQVL ASQMENNHHV GAEAEMEMSP
AGQISDNLPV TLPLLN
