FT_ARATH
ID FT_ARATH Reviewed; 175 AA.
AC Q9SXZ2; O04467;
DT 05-DEC-2001, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 05-DEC-2001, sequence version 2.
DT 25-MAY-2022, entry version 159.
DE RecName: Full=Protein FLOWERING LOCUS T {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10583960};
GN Name=FT {ECO:0000303|PubMed:10583960};
GN OrderedLocusNames=At1g65480 {ECO:0000312|Araport:AT1G65480};
GN ORFNames=F5I14.3 {ECO:0000312|EMBL:AAB60904.1};
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] (ISOFORMS SHORT AND LONG), AND MUTANTS FT-4;
RP FT-5 AND FT-6.
RC STRAIN=cv. Landsberg erecta, and cv. No-0;
RX PubMed=10583960; DOI=10.1126/science.286.5446.1960;
RA Kobayashi Y., Kaya H., Goto K., Iwabuchi M., Araki T.;
RT "A pair of related genes with antagonistic roles in mediating flowering
RT signals.";
RL Science 286:1960-1962(1999).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] (ISOFORM LONG), AND MUTANTS FT-1 AND
RP FT-3.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=10583961; DOI=10.1126/science.286.5446.1962;
RA Kardailsky I., Shukla V.K., Ahn J.H., Dagenais N., Christensen S.K.,
RA Nguyen J.T., Chory J., Harrison M.J., Weigel D.;
RT "Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT.";
RL Science 286:1962-1965(1999).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11130712; DOI=10.1038/35048500;
RA Theologis A., Ecker J.R., Palm C.J., Federspiel N.A., Kaul S., White O.,
RA Alonso J., Altafi H., Araujo R., Bowman C.L., Brooks S.Y., Buehler E.,
RA Chan A., Chao Q., Chen H., Cheuk R.F., Chin C.W., Chung M.K., Conn L.,
RA Conway A.B., Conway A.R., Creasy T.H., Dewar K., Dunn P., Etgu P.,
RA Feldblyum T.V., Feng J.-D., Fong B., Fujii C.Y., Gill J.E., Goldsmith A.D.,
RA Haas B., Hansen N.F., Hughes B., Huizar L., Hunter J.L., Jenkins J.,
RA Johnson-Hopson C., Khan S., Khaykin E., Kim C.J., Koo H.L.,
RA Kremenetskaia I., Kurtz D.B., Kwan A., Lam B., Langin-Hooper S., Lee A.,
RA Lee J.M., Lenz C.A., Li J.H., Li Y.-P., Lin X., Liu S.X., Liu Z.A.,
RA Luros J.S., Maiti R., Marziali A., Militscher J., Miranda M., Nguyen M.,
RA Nierman W.C., Osborne B.I., Pai G., Peterson J., Pham P.K., Rizzo M.,
RA Rooney T., Rowley D., Sakano H., Salzberg S.L., Schwartz J.R., Shinn P.,
RA Southwick A.M., Sun H., Tallon L.J., Tambunga G., Toriumi M.J., Town C.D.,
RA Utterback T., Van Aken S., Vaysberg M., Vysotskaia V.S., Walker M., Wu D.,
RA Yu G., Fraser C.M., Venter J.C., Davis R.W.;
RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nature 408:816-820(2000).
RN [4]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [5]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM LONG).
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=14593172; DOI=10.1126/science.1088305;
RA Yamada K., Lim J., Dale J.M., Chen H., Shinn P., Palm C.J., Southwick A.M.,
RA Wu H.C., Kim C.J., Nguyen M., Pham P.K., Cheuk R.F., Karlin-Newmann G.,
RA Liu S.X., Lam B., Sakano H., Wu T., Yu G., Miranda M., Quach H.L.,
RA Tripp M., Chang C.H., Lee J.M., Toriumi M.J., Chan M.M., Tang C.C.,
RA Onodera C.S., Deng J.M., Akiyama K., Ansari Y., Arakawa T., Banh J.,
RA Banno F., Bowser L., Brooks S.Y., Carninci P., Chao Q., Choy N., Enju A.,
RA Goldsmith A.D., Gurjal M., Hansen N.F., Hayashizaki Y., Johnson-Hopson C.,
RA Hsuan V.W., Iida K., Karnes M., Khan S., Koesema E., Ishida J., Jiang P.X.,
RA Jones T., Kawai J., Kamiya A., Meyers C., Nakajima M., Narusaka M.,
RA Seki M., Sakurai T., Satou M., Tamse R., Vaysberg M., Wallender E.K.,
RA Wong C., Yamamura Y., Yuan S., Shinozaki K., Davis R.W., Theologis A.,
RA Ecker J.R.;
RT "Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis
RT genome.";
RL Science 302:842-846(2003).
RN [6]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=16155177; DOI=10.1105/tpc.105.035766;
RA Teper-Bamnolker P., Samach A.;
RT "The flowering integrator FT regulates SEPALLATA3 and FRUITFULL
RT accumulation in Arabidopsis leaves.";
RL Plant Cell 17:2661-2675(2005).
RN [7]
RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
RX PubMed=15618421; DOI=10.1104/pp.104.052811;
RA Michaels S.D., Himelblau E., Kim S.Y., Schomburg F.M., Amasino R.M.;
RT "Integration of flowering signals in winter-annual Arabidopsis.";
RL Plant Physiol. 137:149-156(2005).
RN [8]
RP MUTAGENESIS OF TYR-85; ASN-110 AND VAL-120.
RX PubMed=15894619; DOI=10.1073/pnas.0500932102;
RA Hanzawa Y., Money T., Bradley D.;
RT "A single amino acid converts a repressor to an activator of flowering.";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102:7748-7753(2005).
RN [9]
RP FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, AND INTERACTION WITH FD/BZIP14 AND
RP FDP/BZIP27.
RX PubMed=16099979; DOI=10.1126/science.1115983;
RA Abe M., Kobayashi Y., Yamamoto S., Daimon Y., Yamaguchi A., Ikeda Y.,
RA Ichinoki H., Notaguchi M., Goto K., Araki T.;
RT "FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT
RT at the shoot apex.";
RL Science 309:1052-1056(2005).
RN [10]
RP FUNCTION, INDUCTION, AND INTERACTION WITH FD/BZIP14 AND FDP/BZIP27.
RX PubMed=16099980; DOI=10.1126/science.1114358;
RA Wigge P.A., Kim M.C., Jaeger K.-E., Busch W., Schmid M., Lohmann J.U.,
RA Weigel D.;
RT "Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in
RT Arabidopsis.";
RL Science 309:1056-1059(2005).
RN [11]
RP RETRACTED PAPER.
RX PubMed=16099949; DOI=10.1126/science.1117768;
RA Huang T., Boehlenius H., Eriksson S., Parcy F., Nilsson O.;
RT "The mRNA of the Arabidopsis gene FT moves from leaf to shoot apex and
RT induces flowering.";
RL Science 309:1694-1696(2005).
RN [12]
RP RETRACTION NOTICE OF PUBMED:16099949.
RX PubMed=17446370; DOI=10.1126/science.316.5823.367b;
RA Boehlenius H., Eriksson S., Parcy F., Nilsson O.;
RL Science 316:367-367(2007).
RN [13]
RP INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=22904146; DOI=10.1105/tpc.112.101915;
RA Yasui Y., Mukougawa K., Uemoto M., Yokofuji A., Suzuri R., Nishitani A.,
RA Kohchi T.;
RT "The phytochrome-interacting VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER1 and VOZ2
RT redundantly regulate flowering in Arabidopsis.";
RL Plant Cell 24:3248-3263(2012).
RN [14]
RP INTERACTION WITH FTIP1, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
RX PubMed=22529749; DOI=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001313;
RA Liu L., Liu C., Hou X., Xi W., Shen L., Tao Z., Wang Y., Yu H.;
RT "FTIP1 is an essential regulator required for florigen transport.";
RL PLoS Biol. 10:E1001313-E1001313(2012).
RN [15]
RP INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=25132385; DOI=10.1016/j.devcel.2014.07.004;
RA Yan Y., Shen L., Chen Y., Bao S., Thong Z., Yu H.;
RT "A MYB-domain protein EFM mediates flowering responses to environmental
RT cues in Arabidopsis.";
RL Dev. Cell 30:437-448(2014).
RN [16]
RP INDUCTION, AND REPRESSION BY MYB56.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=25343985; DOI=10.1093/mp/ssu120;
RA Chen L., Bernhardt A., Lee J., Hellmann H.;
RT "Identification of Arabidopsis MYB56 as a novel substrate for CRL3BPM E3
RT ligases.";
RL Mol. Plant 0:0-0(2014).
RN [17]
RP INDUCTION BY APL/FE.
RX PubMed=26239308; DOI=10.1111/tpj.12951;
RA Abe M., Kaya H., Watanabe-Taneda A., Shibuta M., Yamaguchi A., Sakamoto T.,
RA Kurata T., Ausin I., Araki T., Alonso-Blanco C.;
RT "FE, a phloem-specific Myb-related protein, promotes flowering through
RT transcriptional activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T and FLOWERING LOCUS T
RT INTERACTING PROTEIN 1.";
RL Plant J. 83:1059-1068(2015).
RN [18]
RP INTERACTION WITH NAKR1.
RX PubMed=27255839; DOI=10.1038/nplants.2016.75;
RA Zhu Y., Liu L., Shen L., Yu H.;
RT "NaKR1 regulates long-distance movement of FLOWERING LOCUS T in
RT Arabidopsis.";
RL Nat. Plants 2:16075-16075(2016).
RN [19]
RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.6 ANGSTROMS) OF 1-163.
RX PubMed=16424903; DOI=10.1038/sj.emboj.7600950;
RA Ahn J.H., Miller D., Winter V.J., Banfield M.J., Lee J.H., Yoo S.Y.,
RA Henz S.R., Brady R.L., Weigel D.;
RT "A divergent external loop confers antagonistic activity on floral
RT regulators FT and TFL1.";
RL EMBO J. 25:605-614(2006).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Component of the mobile flower-promoting signal (floral
CC stimulus or florigen). Promotes the transition from vegetative growth
CC to flowering. Required for 'SEPALLATA3' (SEP3) and 'FRUITFULL' (FUL)
CC accumulation in mature rosette leaves. Seems to acts in parallel with
CC 'LEAFY' to induce flowering by regulating 'APETALA1'. Translated in
CC leaves and then transported to the shoot apical meristem where it
CC activates the transcription of several floral meristem identity genes.
CC May play a role in both the autonomous and the long-day flowering
CC pathways. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16099979, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16099980,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:16155177}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Interacts with FD/BZIP14 and FDP/BZIP27 (PubMed:16099979,
CC PubMed:16099980). Interacts with FTIP1 in phloem companion cells
CC (PubMed:22529749). Interacts with NAKR1 (PubMed:27255839).
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16099979, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16099980,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:22529749, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27255839}.
CC -!- INTERACTION:
CC Q9SXZ2; Q84JK2: FD; NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-636490, EBI-636507;
CC Q9SXZ2; Q9FVI6: HDG6; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-636490, EBI-1393271;
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16099979}. Nucleus
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16099979, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22529749}. Endoplasmic
CC reticulum {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22529749}.
CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS:
CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=2;
CC Name=Long;
CC IsoId=Q9SXZ2-1; Sequence=Displayed;
CC Name=Short;
CC IsoId=Q9SXZ2-2; Sequence=VSP_004543, VSP_004544;
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Mostly localized in leaves vasculature.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15618421}.
CC -!- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Expression gradually increases with time under
CC both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) photoperiods. Under LD
CC conditions, expression is first detected on day 4 and plateaued around
CC day 6, preceeding floral commitment around days 9 and 10.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Levels follow a circadian cycle with a progressive
CC accumulation during the day time (PubMed:25343985). By light.
CC Expression is delayed and reduced under SD conditions. Repressed by
CC FLC. Up-Regulated by VOZ1 and/or VOZ2 (PubMed:22904146). Up-regulated
CC by APL/FE (PubMed:26239308). Down-regulated by the H3K36me2
CC modification at the FT locus produced by the interaction between EFM
CC and JMJ30 (PubMed:25132385). Repressed by MYB56 (PubMed:25343985).
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16099980, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22904146,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25132385, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25343985,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:26239308}.
CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: Mutagenesis of Tyr-85 to His converts the activator of
CC flowering 'FLOWERING LOCUS T' into a 'TERMINAL FLOWER 1'-like repressor
CC of flowering.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein
CC family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- CAUTION: An article reported that transcripts can move in the phloem
CC from leaves to shoot apex to induce flowering; however, this paper was
CC later retracted. {ECO:0000305|PubMed:16099949,
CC ECO:0000305|PubMed:17446370}.
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DR EMBL; AB027504; BAA77838.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AB027505; BAA77839.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AF152096; AAF03936.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AC001229; AAB60904.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002684; AEE34381.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AY065378; AAL38819.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AY133813; AAM91747.1; -; mRNA.
DR PIR; T52447; T52447.
DR PIR; T52448; T52448.
DR RefSeq; NP_176726.1; NM_105222.3. [Q9SXZ2-1]
DR PDB; 1WKP; X-ray; 2.60 A; A/B/C/D=1-168.
DR PDB; 6IGG; X-ray; 1.00 A; A=1-168.
DR PDB; 6IGH; X-ray; 1.01 A; A=1-168.
DR PDB; 6IGI; X-ray; 1.33 A; A=1-168.
DR PDB; 6IGJ; X-ray; 1.50 A; A=1-168.
DR PDBsum; 1WKP; -.
DR PDBsum; 6IGG; -.
DR PDBsum; 6IGH; -.
DR PDBsum; 6IGI; -.
DR PDBsum; 6IGJ; -.
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q9SXZ2; -.
DR SMR; Q9SXZ2; -.
DR BioGRID; 28080; 17.
DR IntAct; Q9SXZ2; 8.
DR STRING; 3702.AT1G65480.1; -.
DR PaxDb; Q9SXZ2; -.
DR ProteomicsDB; 230018; -. [Q9SXZ2-1]
DR EnsemblPlants; AT1G65480.1; AT1G65480.1; AT1G65480. [Q9SXZ2-1]
DR GeneID; 842859; -.
DR Gramene; AT1G65480.1; AT1G65480.1; AT1G65480. [Q9SXZ2-1]
DR KEGG; ath:AT1G65480; -.
DR Araport; AT1G65480; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2034168; AT1G65480.
DR eggNOG; KOG3346; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_043994_6_1_1; -.
DR InParanoid; Q9SXZ2; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q9SXZ2; -.
DR EvolutionaryTrace; Q9SXZ2; -.
DR PRO; PR:Q9SXZ2; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 1.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q9SXZ2; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; Q9SXZ2; AT.
DR GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0005783; C:endoplasmic reticulum; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0008429; F:phosphatidylethanolamine binding; ISS:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0030154; P:cell differentiation; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0009908; P:flower development; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0010022; P:meristem determinacy; IGI:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0048573; P:photoperiodism, flowering; IEP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009911; P:positive regulation of flower development; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009909; P:regulation of flower development; IGI:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0010119; P:regulation of stomatal movement; IMP:TAIR.
DR CDD; cd00866; PEBP_euk; 1.
DR Gene3D; 3.90.280.10; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR008914; PEBP.
DR InterPro; IPR036610; PEBP-like_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR035810; PEBP_euk.
DR InterPro; IPR001858; Phosphatidylethanolamine-bd_CS.
DR PANTHER; PTHR11362; PTHR11362; 1.
DR Pfam; PF01161; PBP; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF49777; SSF49777; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS01220; PBP; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW 3D-structure; Alternative splicing; Cytoplasm; Developmental protein;
KW Differentiation; Endoplasmic reticulum; Flowering; Nucleus;
KW Reference proteome.
FT CHAIN 1..175
FT /note="Protein FLOWERING LOCUS T"
FT /id="PRO_0000204762"
FT VAR_SEQ 102..122
FT /note="GNEIVCYENPSPTAGIHRVVF -> AWQANSVCTRVAPELQHSRVC (in
FT isoform Short)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000303|PubMed:10583960"
FT /id="VSP_004543"
FT VAR_SEQ 123..175
FT /note="Missing (in isoform Short)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000303|PubMed:10583960"
FT /id="VSP_004544"
FT MUTAGEN 84
FT /note="E->K: In ft-4; late-flowering."
FT MUTAGEN 85
FT /note="Y->H: Inhibition of terminal flower formation, but
FT weak effect on flowering time."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:15894619"
FT MUTAGEN 94
FT /note="P->L: In ft-6; late-flowering."
FT MUTAGEN 110
FT /note="N->M: No effect on terminal flower formation."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:15894619"
FT MUTAGEN 119
FT /note="R->H: In ft-3; late-flowering."
FT MUTAGEN 120
FT /note="V->F: No effect on terminal flower formation."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:15894619"
FT MUTAGEN 171
FT /note="G->E: In ft-1; late-flowering."
FT HELIX 8..11
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT HELIX 14..17
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 28..32
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 35..37
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGH"
FT STRAND 39..42
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGH"
FT HELIX 45..47
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 48..50
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1WKP"
FT STRAND 53..56
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 64..71
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 77..79
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 85..94
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT HELIX 99..101
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 102..106
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 114..116
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1WKP"
FT STRAND 118..126
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 128..130
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1WKP"
FT STRAND 137..139
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1WKP"
FT HELIX 144..150
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
FT STRAND 157..164
FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:6IGG"
SQ SEQUENCE 175 AA; 19809 MW; E4051B22CE66D508 CRC64;
MSINIRDPLI VSRVVGDVLD PFNRSITLKV TYGQREVTNG LDLRPSQVQN KPRVEIGGED
LRNFYTLVMV DPDVPSPSNP HLREYLHWLV TDIPATTGTT FGNEIVCYEN PSPTAGIHRV
VFILFRQLGR QTVYAPGWRQ NFNTREFAEI YNLGLPVAAV FYNCQRESGC GGRRL
