GIGAN_ARATH
ID GIGAN_ARATH Reviewed; 1173 AA.
AC Q9SQI2; O64381; O80545; Q9S7N0;
DT 05-DEC-2001, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 05-DEC-2001, sequence version 2.
DT 25-MAY-2022, entry version 133.
DE RecName: Full=Protein GIGANTEA;
GN Name=GI; OrderedLocusNames=At1g22770; ORFNames=T22J18.6;
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=10469647; DOI=10.1093/emboj/18.17.4679;
RA Fowler S., Lee K., Onouchi H., Samach A., Richardson K., Morris B.,
RA Coupland G., Putterill J.;
RT "GIGANTEA: a circadian clock-controlled gene that regulates photoperiodic
RT flowering in Arabidopsis and encodes a protein with several possible
RT membrane-spanning domains.";
RL EMBO J. 18:4679-4688(1999).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia; TISSUE=Leaf, and Stem;
RX PubMed=10477524; DOI=10.1126/science.285.5433.1579;
RA Park D.H., Somers D.E., Kim Y.S., Choy Y.H., Lim H.K., Soh M.S., Kim H.J.,
RA Kay S.A., Nam H.G.;
RT "Control of circadian rhythms and photoperiodic flowering by the
RT Arabidopsis GIGANTEA gene.";
RL Science 285:1579-1582(1999).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=9369203; DOI=10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01190-3;
RA Terryn N., Neyt P., de Clercq R., de Keyser A., van den Daele H.,
RA Ardiles W., Dehais P., Rouze P., Gielen J., Villarroel R., van Montagu M.;
RT "Sequence analysis of a 24-kb contiguous genomic region at the Arabidopsis
RT thaliana PFL locus on chromosome 1.";
RL FEBS Lett. 416:156-160(1997).
RN [4]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11130712; DOI=10.1038/35048500;
RA Theologis A., Ecker J.R., Palm C.J., Federspiel N.A., Kaul S., White O.,
RA Alonso J., Altafi H., Araujo R., Bowman C.L., Brooks S.Y., Buehler E.,
RA Chan A., Chao Q., Chen H., Cheuk R.F., Chin C.W., Chung M.K., Conn L.,
RA Conway A.B., Conway A.R., Creasy T.H., Dewar K., Dunn P., Etgu P.,
RA Feldblyum T.V., Feng J.-D., Fong B., Fujii C.Y., Gill J.E., Goldsmith A.D.,
RA Haas B., Hansen N.F., Hughes B., Huizar L., Hunter J.L., Jenkins J.,
RA Johnson-Hopson C., Khan S., Khaykin E., Kim C.J., Koo H.L.,
RA Kremenetskaia I., Kurtz D.B., Kwan A., Lam B., Langin-Hooper S., Lee A.,
RA Lee J.M., Lenz C.A., Li J.H., Li Y.-P., Lin X., Liu S.X., Liu Z.A.,
RA Luros J.S., Maiti R., Marziali A., Militscher J., Miranda M., Nguyen M.,
RA Nierman W.C., Osborne B.I., Pai G., Peterson J., Pham P.K., Rizzo M.,
RA Rooney T., Rowley D., Sakano H., Salzberg S.L., Schwartz J.R., Shinn P.,
RA Southwick A.M., Sun H., Tallon L.J., Tambunga G., Toriumi M.J., Town C.D.,
RA Utterback T., Van Aken S., Vaysberg M., Vysotskaia V.S., Walker M., Wu D.,
RA Yu G., Fraser C.M., Venter J.C., Davis R.W.;
RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nature 408:816-820(2000).
RN [5]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [6]
RP FUNCTION, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
RX PubMed=10920210; DOI=10.1073/pnas.170283997;
RA Huq E., Tepperman J.M., Quail P.H.;
RT "GIGANTEA is a nuclear protein involved in phytochrome signaling in
RT Arabidopsis.";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:9789-9794(2000).
RN [7]
RP INTERACTION WITH SPY.
RX PubMed=15155885; DOI=10.1105/tpc.019224;
RA Tseng T.-S., Salome P.A., McClung C.R., Olszewski N.E.;
RT "SPINDLY and GIGANTEA interact and act in Arabidopsis thaliana pathways
RT involved in light responses, flowering, and rhythms in cotyledon
RT movements.";
RL Plant Cell 16:1550-1563(2004).
RN [8]
RP INTERACTION WITH ADO1; ADO2 AND ADO3, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, AND INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=17704763; DOI=10.1038/nature06132;
RA Kim W.Y., Fujiwara S., Suh S.S., Kim J., Kim Y., Han L., David K.,
RA Putterill J., Nam H.G., Somers D.E.;
RT "ZEITLUPE is a circadian photoreceptor stabilized by GIGANTEA in blue
RT light.";
RL Nature 449:356-360(2007).
RN [9]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=17890372; DOI=10.1105/tpc.107.054528;
RA Jung J.H., Seo Y.H., Seo P.J., Reyes J.L., Yun J., Chua N.H., Park C.M.;
RT "The GIGANTEA-regulated microRNA172 mediates photoperiodic flowering
RT independent of CONSTANS in Arabidopsis.";
RL Plant Cell 19:2736-2748(2007).
RN [10]
RP INTERACTION WITH ADO3 AND CDF1, AND INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=17872410; DOI=10.1126/science.1146994;
RA Sawa M., Nusinow D.A., Kay S.A., Imaizumi T.;
RT "FKF1 and GIGANTEA complex formation is required for day-length measurement
RT in Arabidopsis.";
RL Science 318:261-265(2007).
RN [11]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=19619493; DOI=10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.015;
RA Fornara F., Panigrahi K.C., Gissot L., Sauerbrunn N., Ruehl M.,
RA Jarillo J.A., Coupland G.;
RT "Arabidopsis DOF transcription factors act redundantly to reduce CONSTANS
RT expression and are essential for a photoperiodic flowering response.";
RL Dev. Cell 17:75-86(2009).
RN [12]
RP INTERACTION WITH TCP4.
RX PubMed=28628608; DOI=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006856;
RA Kubota A., Ito S., Shim J.S., Johnson R.S., Song Y.H., Breton G.,
RA Goralogia G.S., Kwon M.S., Laboy Cintron D., Koyama T., Ohme-Takagi M.,
RA Pruneda-Paz J.L., Kay S.A., MacCoss M.J., Imaizumi T.;
RT "TCP4-dependent induction of CONSTANS transcription requires GIGANTEA in
RT photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis.";
RL PLoS Genet. 13:e1006856-e1006856(2017).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Involved in regulation of circadian rhythm and photoperiodic
CC flowering. May play a role in maintenance of circadian amplitude and
CC period length. Is involved in phytochrome B signaling. Stabilizes ADO3
CC and the circadian photoreceptor ADO1/ZTL. Regulates 'CONSTANS' (CO) in
CC the long-day flowering pathway by modulating the ADO3-dependent protein
CC stability of CDF1 and CDF2, but is not essential to activate CO
CC transcription. Regulates, via the microRNA miR172, a CO-independent
CC pathway that promotes photoperiodic flowering by inducing 'FLOWERING
CC LOCUS T'. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10920210, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17890372,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:19619493}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Interacts with SPY (PubMed:15155885). Interacts with ADO1 (via
CC N-terminus) and ADO2 (PubMed:17704763). Interacts with ADO3 (via N-
CC terminus) (PubMed:17704763, PubMed:17872410). Interacts (via N-
CC terminus) with CDF1 (PubMed:17872410). Interacts (via N-terminus) with
CC TCP4 (PubMed:28628608). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15155885,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:17704763, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17872410,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:28628608}.
CC -!- INTERACTION:
CC Q9SQI2; Q94BT6: ADO1; NbExp=6; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-300691;
CC Q9SQI2; Q8W420: ADO2; NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-1015688;
CC Q9SQI2; Q9C9W9: ADO3; NbExp=11; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-401228;
CC Q9SQI2; O80931: AS1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-763232;
CC Q9SQI2; Q8W1E3: CDF1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-1536051;
CC Q9SQI2; Q8RXD6: HUB1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-2012188;
CC Q9SQI2; O24408: IAA18; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-2295525;
CC Q9SQI2; Q8LAL2: IAA26; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-3947418;
CC Q9SQI2; P46639: KNAT1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-530486;
CC Q9SQI2; O22179: MYB70; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-1238013;
CC Q9SQI2; O23160: MYB73; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-25506855;
CC Q9SQI2; P82280: RAV2; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-15206702;
CC Q9SQI2; Q96301: SPY; NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-446372;
CC Q9SQI2; Q9FVC1: SVP; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-592058;
CC Q9SQI2; Q9C6M5: TEM1; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-15221122;
CC Q9SQI2; Q84MB2: TIFY8; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-4426557;
CC Q9SQI2; Q9LVG2: TOE2; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-446380, EBI-4424568;
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. Cytoplasm.
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Widely expressed with highest levels in
CC inflorescence apices, young flowers and young siliques.
CC -!- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Found at all stages.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Expressed with a circadian rhythm with the highest level 10
CC hours into the light and the lowest level at dawn. The peak of
CC expression in long days is slightly lower, shifted later and the
CC decrease is slower. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17704763,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:17872410}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the GIGANTEA family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- SEQUENCE CAUTION:
CC Sequence=AAC25507.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
CC Sequence=AAF00023.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
CC Sequence=CAA72908.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
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DR EMBL; AJ133786; CAB56039.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AF105064; AAF00092.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AF076686; AAF00023.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; Y12227; CAA72908.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AC003979; AAC25507.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002684; AEE30286.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR PIR; T52575; T52575.
DR RefSeq; NP_564180.1; NM_102124.3.
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q9SQI2; -.
DR BioGRID; 24122; 29.
DR DIP; DIP-31718N; -.
DR IntAct; Q9SQI2; 19.
DR STRING; 3702.AT1G22770.1; -.
DR iPTMnet; Q9SQI2; -.
DR PaxDb; Q9SQI2; -.
DR PRIDE; Q9SQI2; -.
DR ProteomicsDB; 220762; -.
DR EnsemblPlants; AT1G22770.1; AT1G22770.1; AT1G22770.
DR GeneID; 838883; -.
DR Gramene; AT1G22770.1; AT1G22770.1; AT1G22770.
DR KEGG; ath:AT1G22770; -.
DR Araport; AT1G22770; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2199685; AT1G22770.
DR eggNOG; ENOG502QU75; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_283623_0_0_1; -.
DR InParanoid; Q9SQI2; -.
DR OMA; EDYDSGM; -.
DR OrthoDB; 68554at2759; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q9SQI2; -.
DR PRO; PR:Q9SQI2; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 1.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q9SQI2; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; Q9SQI2; AT.
DR GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0005654; C:nucleoplasm; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0030154; P:cell differentiation; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0007623; P:circadian rhythm; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009908; P:flower development; TAS:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0048578; P:positive regulation of long-day photoperiodism, flowering; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009585; P:red, far-red light phototransduction; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0042752; P:regulation of circadian rhythm; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0048586; P:regulation of long-day photoperiodism, flowering; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0006355; P:regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009637; P:response to blue light; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009409; P:response to cold; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0010218; P:response to far red light; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0042542; P:response to hydrogen peroxide; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0010378; P:temperature compensation of the circadian clock; IMP:TAIR.
DR InterPro; IPR026211; GIGANTEA.
DR PANTHER; PTHR36319; PTHR36319; 1.
DR PRINTS; PR02081; GIGANTEA.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Biological rhythms; Cytoplasm; Developmental protein; Differentiation;
KW Flowering; Nucleus; Phytochrome signaling pathway; Reference proteome.
FT CHAIN 1..1173
FT /note="Protein GIGANTEA"
FT /id="PRO_0000087489"
FT REGION 150..187
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT REGION 604..641
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT REGION 840..863
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 150..177
FT /note="Polar residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 604..638
FT /note="Polar residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 847..863
FT /note="Basic and acidic residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
SQ SEQUENCE 1173 AA; 127876 MW; 71CFDE7D39E73549 CRC64;
MASSSSSERW IDGLQFSSLL WPPPRDPQQH KDQVVAYVEY FGQFTSEQFP DDIAELVRHQ
YPSTEKRLLD DVLAMFVLHH PEHGHAVILP IISCLIDGSL VYSKEAHPFA SFISLVCPSS
ENDYSEQWAL ACGEILRILT HYNRPIYKTE QQNGDTERNC LSKATTSGSP TSEPKAGSPT
QHERKPLRPL SPWISDILLA APLGIRSDYF RWCSGVMGKY AAGELKPPTI ASRGSGKHPQ
LMPSTPRWAV ANGAGVILSV CDDEVARYET ATLTAVAVPA LLLPPPTTSL DEHLVAGLPA
LEPYARLFHR YYAIATPSAT QRLLLGLLEA PPSWAPDALD AAVQLVELLR AAEDYASGVR
LPRNWMHLHF LRAIGIAMSM RAGVAADAAA ALLFRILSQP ALLFPPLSQV EGVEIQHAPI
GGYSSNYRKQ IEVPAAEATI EATAQGIASM LCAHGPEVEW RICTIWEAAY GLIPLNSSAV
DLPEIIVATP LQPPILSWNL YIPLLKVLEY LPRGSPSEAC LMKIFVATVE TILSRTFPPE
SSRELTRKAR SSFTTRSATK NLAMSELRAM VHALFLESCA GVELASRLLF VVLTVCVSHE
AQSSGSKRPR SEYASTTENI EANQPVSNNQ TANRKSRNVK GQGPVAAFDS YVLAAVCALA
CEVQLYPMIS GGGNFSNSAV AGTITKPVKI NGSSKEYGAG IDSAISHTRR ILAILEALFS
LKPSSVGTPW SYSSSEIVAA AMVAAHISEL FRRSKALTHA LSGLMRCKWD KEIHKRASSL
YNLIDVHSKV VASIVDKAEP LEAYLKNTPV QKDSVTCLNW KQENTCASTT CFDTAVTSAS
RTEMNPRGNH KYARHSDEGS GRPSEKGIKD FLLDASDLAN FLTADRLAGF YCGTQKLLRS
VLAEKPELSF SVVSLLWHKL IAAPEIQPTA ESTSAQQGWR QVVDALCNVV SATPAKAAAA
VVLQAERELQ PWIAKDDEEG QKMWKINQRI VKVLVELMRN HDRPESLVIL ASASDLLLRA
TDGMLVDGEA CTLPQLELLE ATARAIQPVL AWGPSGLAVV DGLSNLLKCR LPATIRCLSH
PSAHVRALST SVLRDIMNQS SIPIKVTPKL PTTEKNGMNS PSYRFFNAAS IDWKADIQNC
LNWEAHSLLS TTMPTQFLDT AARELGCTIS LSQ
