GLNA_BOVIN
ID GLNA_BOVIN Reviewed; 373 AA.
AC P15103; O02850; Q3ZBU6; Q866Q7;
DT 01-APR-1990, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 23-JAN-2007, sequence version 4.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 155.
DE RecName: Full=Glutamine synthetase {ECO:0000303|PubMed:9321487};
DE Short=GS {ECO:0000303|PubMed:9321487};
DE EC=6.3.1.2 {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104};
DE AltName: Full=Glutamate--ammonia ligase {ECO:0000305};
DE AltName: Full=Palmitoyltransferase GLUL {ECO:0000305};
DE EC=2.3.1.225 {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104};
GN Name=GLUL {ECO:0000303|PubMed:9321487};
OS Bos taurus (Bovine).
OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Artiodactyla; Ruminantia; Pecora; Bovidae;
OC Bovinae; Bos.
OX NCBI_TaxID=9913;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC STRAIN=Hereford; TISSUE=Hypothalamus;
RG NIH - Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) project;
RL Submitted (AUG-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 202-267.
RX PubMed=9321487; DOI=10.1007/s003359900577;
RA Masabanda J., Wigger G., Eggen A., Stranzinger G., Fries R.;
RT "The bovine glutamine synthase gene (GLUL) maps to 10q33 and a pseudogene
RT (GLULP) to 16q21.";
RL Mamm. Genome 8:794-795(1997).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 258-352.
RC TISSUE=Kidney;
RA Matthews J.C., Etienne N.M.P.;
RT "The pattern of EAAC1 and GLT-1 glutamate transporter expression by
RT skeletal and adipose tissues of fattening cattle differs from that of
RT glutamine synthetase.";
RL Submitted (NOV-2002) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [4]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 267-373.
RC TISSUE=Liver;
RX PubMed=2893372; DOI=10.1073/pnas.85.1.160;
RA Smith D.D. Jr., Campbell J.W.;
RT "Distribution of glutamine synthetase and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I
RT in vertebrate liver.";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:160-164(1988).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent
CC conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine (By similarity). Its
CC role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the
CC levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless
CC glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible
CC for the removal of ammonia (By similarity). Essential for proliferation
CC of fetal skin fibroblasts. Independently of its glutamine synthetase
CC activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular
CC development: acts by regulating membrane localization and activation of
CC the GTPase RHOJ, possibly by promoting RHOJ palmitoylation. May act as
CC a palmitoyltransferase for RHOJ: able to autopalmitoylate and then
CC transfer the palmitoyl group to RHOJ (By similarity). Plays a role in
CC ribosomal 40S subunit biogenesis (By similarity).
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15105}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=ATP + L-glutamate + NH4(+) = ADP + H(+) + L-glutamine +
CC phosphate; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:16169, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:28938, ChEBI:CHEBI:29985, ChEBI:CHEBI:30616,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:43474, ChEBI:CHEBI:58359, ChEBI:CHEBI:456216; EC=6.3.1.2;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104};
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-
CC hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein]; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:36683, Rhea:RHEA-
CC COMP:10131, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11032, ChEBI:CHEBI:29950,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:57287, ChEBI:CHEBI:57379, ChEBI:CHEBI:74151;
CC EC=2.3.1.225; Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104};
CC -!- COFACTOR:
CC Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P09606};
CC Name=Mn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104};
CC -!- ACTIVITY REGULATION: Glutamine synthetase activity is inhibited by
CC methionine sulfoximine (MSO). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Decamer; composed of two pentamers (By similarity). Interacts
CC with PALMD (By similarity). Interacts with RHOJ (By similarity).
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15105}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104}. Microsome
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P09606}. Mitochondrion
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P09606}. Cell membrane
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104}; Lipid-anchor
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104}. Note=Mainly localizes in the cytosol,
CC with a fraction associated with the cell membrane.
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104}.
CC -!- PTM: Palmitoylated; undergoes autopalmitoylation.
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104}.
CC -!- PTM: Ubiquitinated by ZNRF1. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15105}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms
CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License
CC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DR EMBL; BC103099; AAI03100.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; Y10347; CAA71373.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AY186585; AAO27470.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; J03604; AAA87357.1; -; mRNA.
DR PIR; A34006; A34006.
DR RefSeq; NP_001035564.1; NM_001040474.2.
DR RefSeq; XP_005217320.1; XM_005217263.3.
DR AlphaFoldDB; P15103; -.
DR SMR; P15103; -.
DR STRING; 9913.ENSBTAP00000038301; -.
DR PaxDb; P15103; -.
DR Ensembl; ENSBTAT00000038488; ENSBTAP00000038301; ENSBTAG00000013631.
DR Ensembl; ENSBTAT00000074216; ENSBTAP00000057244; ENSBTAG00000013631.
DR GeneID; 281199; -.
DR KEGG; bta:281199; -.
DR CTD; 2752; -.
DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSBTAG00000013631; -.
DR VGNC; VGNC:29426; GLUL.
DR eggNOG; KOG0683; Eukaryota.
DR GeneTree; ENSGT00390000010047; -.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_036762_1_1_1; -.
DR InParanoid; P15103; -.
DR OMA; DRRPNAN; -.
DR OrthoDB; 784869at2759; -.
DR TreeFam; TF300491; -.
DR Reactome; R-BTA-210455; Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism.
DR Reactome; R-BTA-8964539; Glutamate and glutamine metabolism.
DR Proteomes; UP000009136; Chromosome 16.
DR Bgee; ENSBTAG00000013631; Expressed in prefrontal cortex and 104 other tissues.
DR GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0005783; C:endoplasmic reticulum; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0005739; C:mitochondrion; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0005886; C:plasma membrane; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0005524; F:ATP binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0004356; F:glutamate-ammonia ligase activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0046872; F:metal ion binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0019706; F:protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0001525; P:angiogenesis; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0006542; P:glutamine biosynthetic process; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0018345; P:protein palmitoylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010594; P:regulation of endothelial cell migration; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:1903670; P:regulation of sprouting angiogenesis; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR Gene3D; 3.10.20.70; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR008147; Gln_synt_b-grasp.
DR InterPro; IPR036651; Gln_synt_N.
DR InterPro; IPR014746; Gln_synth/guanido_kin_cat_dom.
DR InterPro; IPR008146; Gln_synth_cat_dom.
DR InterPro; IPR027303; Gln_synth_gly_rich_site.
DR InterPro; IPR027302; Gln_synth_N_conserv_site.
DR Pfam; PF00120; Gln-synt_C; 1.
DR Pfam; PF03951; Gln-synt_N; 1.
DR SMART; SM01230; Gln-synt_C; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF54368; SSF54368; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF55931; SSF55931; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS00180; GLNA_1; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS00181; GLNA_ATP; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS51986; GS_BETA_GRASP; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS51987; GS_CATALYTIC; 1.
PE 2: Evidence at transcript level;
KW Acetylation; Angiogenesis; ATP-binding; Cell membrane; Cytoplasm;
KW Endoplasmic reticulum; Ligase; Lipoprotein; Magnesium; Manganese; Membrane;
KW Metal-binding; Microsome; Mitochondrion; Nucleotide-binding; Palmitate;
KW Phosphoprotein; Reference proteome; Transferase; Ubl conjugation.
FT INIT_MET 1
FT /note="Removed"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15105"
FT CHAIN 2..373
FT /note="Glutamine synthetase"
FT /id="PRO_0000153136"
FT DOMAIN 26..106
FT /note="GS beta-grasp"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU01330"
FT DOMAIN 113..373
FT /note="GS catalytic"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU01331"
FT BINDING 134
FT /ligand="ATP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:30616"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 134
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 136
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 196
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 203..208
FT /ligand="ATP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:30616"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 203
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 246..247
FT /ligand="L-glutamate"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29985"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P9WN39"
FT BINDING 253
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 255..257
FT /ligand="ATP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:30616"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 319
FT /ligand="ATP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:30616"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 319
FT /ligand="L-glutamate"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29985"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P9WN39"
FT BINDING 324
FT /ligand="ATP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:30616"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 336..338
FT /ligand="ADP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:456216"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 338
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
FT BINDING 340
FT /ligand="L-glutamate"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29985"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P9WN39"
FT MOD_RES 2
FT /note="N-acetylalanine"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15105"
FT MOD_RES 104
FT /note="Phosphotyrosine"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15105"
FT MOD_RES 343
FT /note="Phosphoserine"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P15104"
SQ SEQUENCE 373 AA; 42031 MW; BBCC6A953FD7DAD5 CRC64;
MATSASSHLN KGIKQVYMAL PQGDKVQAMY IWIDGTGEGL RCKTRTLDSE PKCIEELPEW
NFDGSSTFQS EGSNSDMYLV PAAMFRDPFR KDPNKLVFCE VFKYNRKPAE TNLRHTCKRI
MDMVSNQRPW FGMEQEYTLM GTDGHPFGWP SNGFPGPQGP YYCGVGADKA YGRDIVEAHY
RACLYAGIKI GGTNAEVMPA QWEFQIGPCE GIDMGDHLWV ARFILHRVCE DFGVIATFDP
KPIPGNWNGA GCHTNFSTKA MREENGLKYI EEAIEKLSKR HQYHIRAYDP KGGLDNARRL
TGFHETSNIN DFSAGVANRG ASIRIPRTVG QEKKGYFEDR RPSANCDPFA VTEALIRTCL
LNETGDEPFQ YKN
