GSS_PATPE
ID GSS_PATPE Reviewed; 116 AA.
AC C9K4X8;
DT 13-APR-2016, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 24-NOV-2009, sequence version 1.
DT 25-MAY-2022, entry version 38.
DE RecName: Full=Gonad-stimulating substance {ECO:0000303|PubMed:19470645};
DE AltName: Full=Relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide {ECO:0000303|PubMed:26166482};
DE Contains:
DE RecName: Full=Gonad-stimulating substance B chain {ECO:0000303|PubMed:19470645};
DE Contains:
DE RecName: Full=Gonad-stimulating substance A chain {ECO:0000303|PubMed:19470645};
DE Flags: Precursor;
GN Name=GSS {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAI44654.1};
GN Synonyms=RGP {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAQ35469.1};
OS Patiria pectinifera (Starfish) (Asterina pectinifera).
OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Echinodermata; Eleutherozoa; Asterozoa; Asteroidea;
OC Valvatacea; Valvatida; Asterinidae; Patiria.
OX NCBI_TaxID=7594 {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAI44654.1};
RN [1] {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAI44654.1}
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 30-48 AND 93-116, FUNCTION,
RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND SYNTHESIS.
RC TISSUE=Nerve {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAI44654.1};
RX PubMed=19470645; DOI=10.1073/pnas.0900243106;
RA Mita M., Yoshikuni M., Ohno K., Shibata Y., Paul-Prasanth B.,
RA Pitchayawasin S., Isobe M., Nagahama Y.;
RT "A relaxin-like peptide purified from radial nerves induces oocyte
RT maturation and ovulation in the starfish, Asterina pectinifera.";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:9507-9512(2009).
RN [2] {ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAQ35469.1, ECO:0000312|EMBL:BAQ35470.1}
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA], AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
RC TISSUE=Nerve {ECO:0000303|PubMed:26166482}, and
RC Testis {ECO:0000303|PubMed:26166482};
RX PubMed=26166482; DOI=10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.017;
RA Haraguchi S., Ikeda N., Abe M., Tsutsui K., Mita M.;
RT "Nucleotide sequence and expression of relaxin-like gonad-stimulating
RT peptide gene in starfish Asterina pectinifera.";
RL Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 227:115-119(2016).
RN [3] {ECO:0000305}
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=21295575; DOI=10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.014;
RA Mita M., Yamamoto K., Nakamura M., Nagahama Y.;
RT "Hormonal action of relaxin-like gonad-stimulating substance (GSS) on
RT starfish ovaries in growing and fully grown states.";
RL Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 172:85-89(2011).
RN [4] {ECO:0000305}
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=21967225; DOI=10.2108/zsj.28.764;
RA Mita M., Yamamoto K., Nagahama Y.;
RT "Interaction of relaxin-like gonad-stimulating substance with ovarian
RT follicle cells of the starfish Asterina pectinifera.";
RL Zool. Sci. 28:764-769(2011).
RN [5] {ECO:0000305}
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=22134181; DOI=10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.010;
RA Mita M., Yamamoto K., Nakamura M., Takeshige Y., Watanabe M., Nagahama Y.;
RT "Participation of Gs-proteins in the action of relaxin-like gonad-
RT stimulating substance (GSS) for 1-methyladenine production in starfish
RT ovarian follicle cells.";
RL Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 176:432-437(2012).
RN [6] {ECO:0000305}
RP SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
RX PubMed=23829221; DOI=10.2108/zsj.30.602;
RA Mita M.;
RT "Release of relaxin-like gonad-stimulating substance from starfish radial
RT nerves by lonomycin.";
RL Zool. Sci. 30:602-606(2013).
RN [7] {ECO:0000305}
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=24929230; DOI=10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.003;
RA Mita M., Haraguchi S., Watanabe M., Takeshige Y., Yamamoto K., Tsutsui K.;
RT "Involvement of Galphas-proteins in the action of relaxin-like gonad-
RT stimulating substance on starfish ovarian follicle cells.";
RL Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 205:80-87(2014).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Induces oocyte maturation and ovulation in vitro in ovarian
CC fragments and induces spawning behavior and gamete release in vivo
CC (PubMed:19470645). Probably mediates its effects by binding to a G-
CC protein coupled receptor located in follicle cell membranes
CC (PubMed:21295575, PubMed:21967225, PubMed:24929230). Following receptor
CC binding, stimulates GTP-dependent adenylyl cyclase activity in follicle
CC cell membranes of fully grown ovaries at stage V but not in young
CC ovaries at stage IV, leading to the production of cAMP
CC (PubMed:21967225, PubMed:22134181). This stimulates the production of
CC the maturation-inducing hormone, 1-methyladenine, in stage V but not
CC stage IV ovaries (PubMed:19470645, PubMed:21295575, PubMed:22134181).
CC The lack of activity in stage IV ovaries may be due to the very low
CC levels of the G-protein alpha s subunit which is not expressed at high
CC levels in follicle cells until stage V (PubMed:24929230).
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21295575,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:21967225, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22134181,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:24929230}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Heterodimer of a B chain and an A chain linked by two
CC disulfide bonds. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01348}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23829221}.
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed at high levels in the radial nerves
CC (PubMed:19470645, PubMed:26166482). In the radial nerves, detected in
CC the peripheral area proximal to the tube feet but not at the side of
CC the hemal sinus (PubMed:19470645). Expressed at low levels in cardiac
CC stomach and pyloric caeca with trace amounts in the ovary, testis and
CC tube feet (PubMed:26166482). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:26166482}.
CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Gonad-stimulating substance B chain]: Mass=2236;
CC Method=MALDI; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645};
CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [Gonad-stimulating substance A chain]: Mass=2507;
CC Method=MALDI; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645};
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the insulin family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms
CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License
CC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DR EMBL; AB496611; BAI44654.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; LC027938; BAQ35469.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; LC027939; BAQ35470.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR AlphaFoldDB; C9K4X8; -.
DR DIP; DIP-58564N; -.
DR GO; GO:0005615; C:extracellular space; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0005886; C:plasma membrane; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0005179; F:hormone activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0007189; P:adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:1900195; P:positive regulation of oocyte maturation; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0060279; P:positive regulation of ovulation; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR InterPro; IPR036438; Insulin-like_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR022353; Insulin_CS.
DR SUPFAM; SSF56994; SSF56994; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS00262; INSULIN; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Cleavage on pair of basic residues; Direct protein sequencing;
KW Disulfide bond; Hormone; Secreted; Signal.
FT SIGNAL 1..29
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645"
FT PEPTIDE 30..48
FT /note="Gonad-stimulating substance B chain"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645"
FT /id="PRO_0000436043"
FT PROPEP 51..90
FT /note="Connecting peptide"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645"
FT /id="PRO_0000436044"
FT PEPTIDE 93..116
FT /note="Gonad-stimulating substance A chain"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19470645"
FT /id="PRO_0000436045"
FT DISULFID 33..103
FT /note="Interchain (between B and A chains)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01348"
FT DISULFID 45..116
FT /note="Interchain (between B and A chains)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01348"
FT DISULFID 102..107
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01348"
SQ SEQUENCE 116 AA; 12871 MW; B244C89DEBCF4040 CRC64;
MTSNNRHLFQ ATCLVLLLLH AAFHGGALGE KYCDDDFHMA VFRTCAVSKR SQPGMSLSDV
LTMNRFRGHN IKRSIDSTLE DNAFFMSGLE KRSEYSGIAS YCCLHGCTPS ELSVVC
