GTPSC_THYCA
ID GTPSC_THYCA Reviewed; 597 AA.
AC R4JQT5; R4JGM8; R4JJJ6;
DT 29-SEP-2021, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 29-SEP-2021, sequence version 2.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 31.
DE RecName: Full=Gamma-terpinene synthase, chloroplastic {ECO:0000303|PubMed:23624978};
DE EC=4.2.3.114 {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23624978};
DE AltName: Full=Terpene synthase 2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:23624978};
DE Short=TcTPS2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:23624978};
DE Flags: Precursor;
GN Name=TPS2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:23624978};
OS Thymus caespititius (Cretan thyme) (Origanum caespititium).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC asterids; lamiids; Lamiales; Lamiaceae; Nepetoideae; Mentheae; Thymus.
OX NCBI_TaxID=751871;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA / MRNA] (ISOFORMS 1 AND 2), FUNCTION,
RP CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, AND PATHWAY.
RC STRAIN=cv. C2; TISSUE=Flower;
RX PubMed=23624978; DOI=10.1007/s00425-013-1884-2;
RA Lima A.S., Schimmel J., Lukas B., Novak J., Barroso J.G., Figueiredo A.C.,
RA Pedro L.G., Degenhardt J., Trindade H.;
RT "Genomic characterization, molecular cloning and expression analysis of two
RT terpene synthases from Thymus caespititius (Lamiaceae).";
RL Planta 238:191-204(2013).
RN [2]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=24915411; DOI=10.1080/10408398.2011.653458;
RA Suntres Z.E., Coccimiglio J., Alipour M.;
RT "The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol.";
RL Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 55:304-318(2015).
RN [3]
RP REVIEW ON THYMOL, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=29785774; DOI=10.1002/ptr.6109;
RA Salehi B., Mishra A.P., Shukla I., Sharifi-Rad M., Contreras M.D.M.,
RA Segura-Carretero A., Fathi H., Nasrabadi N.N., Kobarfard F.,
RA Sharifi-Rad J.;
RT "Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses.";
RL Phytother. Res. 32:1688-1706(2018).
RN [4]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL AND THYMOL, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=29874939; DOI=10.1080/14786419.2018.1480618;
RA Wang K., Jiang S., Yang Y., Fan L., Su F., Ye M.;
RT "Synthesis and antifungal activity of carvacrol and thymol esters with
RT heteroaromatic carboxylic acids.";
RL Nat. Prod. Res. 33:1924-1930(2019).
RN [5]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=33664752; DOI=10.3389/fpls.2020.601335;
RA Javed H., Meeran M.F.N., Jha N.K., Ojha S.;
RT "Carvacrol, a plant metabolite targeting viral protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in
RT host cells can be a possible candidate for COVID-19.";
RL Front. Plant Sci. 11:601335-601335(2020).
RN [6]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=32448034; DOI=10.1080/07391102.2020.1772112;
RA Kumar A., Choudhir G., Shukla S.K., Sharma M., Tyagi P., Bhushan A.,
RA Rathore M.;
RT "Identification of phytochemical inhibitors against main protease of COVID-
RT 19 using molecular modeling approaches.";
RL J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 4:1-11(2020).
RN [7]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL DERIVATIVES, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=30836858; DOI=10.1080/07391102.2019.1590243;
RA Zengin Kurt B., Durdagi S., Celebi G., Ekhteiari Salmas R., Sonmez F.;
RT "Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling studies of
RT novel carvacrol-substituted amide derivatives.";
RL J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 38:841-859(2020).
RN [8]
RP REVIEW ON PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=32834111; DOI=10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128823;
RA Kulkarni S.A., Nagarajan S.K., Ramesh V., Palaniyandi V., Selvam S.P.,
RA Madhavan T.;
RT "Computational evaluation of major components from plant essential oils as
RT potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.";
RL J. Mol. Struct. 1221:128823-128823(2020).
RN [9]
RP REVIEW ON PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=33855010; DOI=10.3389/fchem.2021.642026;
RA Yadalam P.K., Varatharajan K., Rajapandian K., Chopra P., Arumuganainar D.,
RA Nagarathnam T., Sohn H., Madhavan T.;
RT "Antiviral essential oil components against SARS-CoV-2 in pre-procedural
RT mouth rinses for dental settings during COVID-19: A computational study.";
RL Front. Chem. 9:642026-642026(2021).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic monoterpenes natural
CC products thymol and carvacrol which have a broad range of biological
CC activities acting as antimicrobial compounds, insecticides,
CC antioxidants and pharmaceutical agents (PubMed:23624978). Monoterpene
CC synthase which catalyzes the conversion of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to
CC gamma-terpinene and minor amounts of other monoterpenes (e.g. alpha-
CC thujene, alpha-terpinene, myrcene, sabinene, (+)-R-limonene, alpha-
CC pinene and alpha-phellandrene) (PubMed:23624978).
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23624978}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: [Gamma-terpinene synthase, chloroplastic]:
CC Reaction=(2E)-geranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + gamma-terpinene;
CC Xref=Rhea:RHEA:32559, ChEBI:CHEBI:10577, ChEBI:CHEBI:33019,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58057; EC=4.2.3.114;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:23624978};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:32560;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:23624978};
CC -!- COFACTOR:
CC Name=Mn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:E2E2P0};
CC Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:E2E2P0};
CC Note=Binds 3 Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions per subunit.
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:E2E2P0};
CC -!- PATHWAY: Secondary metabolite biosynthesis; terpenoid biosynthesis.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23624978}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Homodimer. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A0M3Q1Q3}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast {ECO:0000255}.
CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS:
CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=2;
CC Name=1;
CC IsoId=R4JQT5-1; Sequence=Displayed;
CC Name=2;
CC IsoId=R4JQT5-2; Sequence=VSP_061121;
CC -!- DOMAIN: The Asp-Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Asp/Glu (DDXXD/E) motif is important for
CC the catalytic activity, presumably through binding to Mg(2+).
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9X839}.
CC -!- BIOTECHNOLOGY: The monoterpenic phenol thymol is widely used as a
CC fragrance and a flavoring ingredient in food and cosmetic industries
CC (PubMed:29785774). Its derivatives have also several biological and
CC pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant,
CC anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic activities
CC (PubMed:29785774, PubMed:29874939). Medical applications include the
CC treatment of disorders affecting the respiratory, nervous, and
CC cardiovascular systems (PubMed:29785774). It may also act as a growth
CC enhancer and immunomodulator (PubMed:29785774). Thymol may also have
CC antiviral activity toward COVID-19 by binding to the S1 receptor
CC binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein
CC (PubMed:32834111, PubMed:33855010). {ECO:0000303|PubMed:29785774,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:29874939, ECO:0000303|PubMed:32834111,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:33855010}.
CC -!- BIOTECHNOLOGY: The monoterpenic phenol carvacrol is commonly used as a
CC fragrance and a food flavoring ingredient and preservative
CC (PubMed:24915411). Its derivatives exhibit also various biological and
CC pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antibacterial,
CC antifungal, insecticid, nematicid, anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
CC hepatoprotective, spasmolytic, and vasorelaxant (PubMed:24915411,
CC PubMed:29874939, PubMed:30836858, PubMed:33664752). Phytochemical
CC inhibitor targeting the main SARS-CoV-2 viral protease (Mpro) and ACE2
CC in human host cells, carvacrol is a possible candidate for treating
CC COVID-19 (PubMed:33664752, PubMed:32448034). Carvacrol may also have
CC antiviral activity toward COVID-19 by binding to the S1 receptor
CC binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein
CC (PubMed:32834111, PubMed:33855010). {ECO:0000303|PubMed:24915411,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:29874939, ECO:0000303|PubMed:30836858,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:32448034, ECO:0000303|PubMed:32834111,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:33664752, ECO:0000303|PubMed:33855010}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the terpene synthase family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR EMBL; KC691293; AGK88261.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; KC691294; AGK88262.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; KC691295; AGK88263.1; -; mRNA.
DR SMR; R4JQT5; -.
DR UniPathway; UPA00213; -.
DR GO; GO:0009507; C:chloroplast; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0000287; F:magnesium ion binding; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0042803; F:protein homodimerization activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010333; F:terpene synthase activity; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0016102; P:diterpenoid biosynthetic process; IEA:InterPro.
DR CDD; cd00684; Terpene_cyclase_plant_C1; 1.
DR Gene3D; 1.10.600.10; -; 1.
DR Gene3D; 1.50.10.130; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR008949; Isoprenoid_synthase_dom_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR034741; Terpene_cyclase-like_1_C.
DR InterPro; IPR044814; Terpene_cyclase_plant_C1.
DR InterPro; IPR001906; Terpene_synth_N.
DR InterPro; IPR036965; Terpene_synth_N_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR005630; Terpene_synthase_metal-bd.
DR InterPro; IPR008930; Terpenoid_cyclase/PrenylTrfase.
DR Pfam; PF01397; Terpene_synth; 1.
DR Pfam; PF03936; Terpene_synth_C; 1.
DR SFLD; SFLDG01019; Terpene_Cyclase_Like_1_C_Termi; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF48239; SSF48239; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF48576; SSF48576; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Alternative splicing; Chloroplast; Lyase; Magnesium; Manganese;
KW Metal-binding; Plastid; Transit peptide.
FT TRANSIT 1..47
FT /note="Chloroplast"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT CHAIN 48..597
FT /note="Gamma-terpinene synthase, chloroplastic"
FT /id="PRO_0000453307"
FT REGION 356..362
FT /note="Homodimerization"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A0M3Q1Q3"
FT REGION 428..464
FT /note="Homodimerization"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A0M3Q1Q3"
FT MOTIF 350..354
FT /note="DDXXD motif"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q9X839"
FT BINDING 350
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A1C9J6A7"
FT BINDING 350
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A1C9J6A7"
FT BINDING 354
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A1C9J6A7"
FT BINDING 354
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A1C9J6A7"
FT BINDING 494
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="3"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A1C9J6A7"
FT BINDING 502
FT /ligand="Mn(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:29035"
FT /ligand_label="3"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:A0A1C9J6A7"
FT VAR_SEQ 1..50
FT /note="MATLSMQVSILNKQLKNLNSFGMRASKLPLVARRVDVSTTRLRPICSASQ
FT -> MASL (in isoform 2)"
FT /id="VSP_061121"
FT CONFLICT 3..4
FT /note="TL -> PP (in Ref. 1; AGK88262)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT CONFLICT 12..15
FT /note="NKQL -> SKQV (in Ref. 1; AGK88262)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT CONFLICT 30
FT /note="L -> M (in Ref. 1; AGK88262)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT CONFLICT 50
FT /note="Q -> L (in Ref. 1; AGK88262)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
SQ SEQUENCE 597 AA; 69296 MW; 92C597CDC04FDABC CRC64;
MATLSMQVSI LNKQLKNLNS FGMRASKLPL VARRVDVSTT RLRPICSASQ QVEEETRRSG
NYQASIWDNA FIQSFNTNKY RDEKHLNRKE ELIAQVKVLL NTKMEAVKQL ELIDDLRNLG
LTYYFQDEFK KILTCIYNDH KCFKNEQVGD LYFTSLGFRL LRLHGFDVSE EVFSFFKNED
GSDFKASLGE NTKDVLQLYE ASFLVRVGEV TLEQARVFST KILEKKVDEG INDEKLLAWI
QHSLALPLHW RIQRLEARWF LDAYAARKDM NPLIFELGKI DFHIIQETQL EEVQEVSRWW
TNSNLAEKLP FVRDRIVECY FWALGLFEPH EYGYQRKMAA IIITFVTIID DVYDVYGTLD
ELQLFTDAIR KWDFESISTL PYYMQVCYLA LYTYASELAY DILKDQGFNS ISYLQRSWLS
LVEGFFQEAK WYYAGYTPTL AEYLENAKVS ISSPTIISQV YFTLPNSTER TVVENVYGYH
NILYLSGMIL RLADDLGTTQ FELKRGDVQK AIQCYMKDNN ATEKEGQEHV KYLLLEAWKE
MNTAMADPDC PLSEDLVDAA ANLGRASQFI YLEGDGHGVQ HSEIHNQMGG LIFEPYV
