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HEMA_I76A8
ID   HEMA_I76A8              Reviewed;         565 AA.
AC   P16995; Q1G0M0; Q83992; Q83993;
DT   01-AUG-1990, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   01-FEB-1991, sequence version 2.
DT   02-DEC-2020, entry version 119.
DE   RecName: Full=Hemagglutinin {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072};
DE   Contains:
DE     RecName: Full=Hemagglutinin HA1 chain {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072};
DE   Contains:
DE     RecName: Full=Hemagglutinin HA2 chain {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072};
DE   Flags: Precursor;
GN   Name=HA {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072};
OS   Influenza A virus (strain A/Equine/Fontainebleau/1976 H3N8) (Influenza A
OS   virus (strain A/Equine/France/1/1976 H3N8)).
OC   Viruses; Riboviria; Orthornavirae; Negarnaviricota; Polyploviricotina;
OC   Insthoviricetes; Articulavirales; Orthomyxoviridae; Alphainfluenzavirus.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=387217;
OH   NCBI_TaxID=8782; Aves.
OH   NCBI_TaxID=9796; Equus caballus (Horse).
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC RNA].
RX   PubMed=2705299; DOI=10.1016/0042-6822(89)90153-0;
RA   Kawaoka Y., Bean W.J., Webster R.G.;
RT   "Evolution of the hemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses.";
RL   Virology 169:283-292(1989).
RN   [2]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC RNA].
RX   PubMed=1731092; DOI=10.1128/jvi.66.2.1129-1138.1992;
RA   Bean W.J., Schell M., Katz J., Kawaoka Y., Naeve C., Gorman O.,
RA   Webster R.G.;
RT   "Evolution of the H3 influenza virus hemagglutinin from human and nonhuman
RT   hosts.";
RL   J. Virol. 66:1129-1138(1992).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell
CC       surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the
CC       cell. This attachment induces virion internalization of about two third
CC       of the virus particles through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and about
CC       one third through a clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathway. Plays a
CC       major role in the determination of host range restriction and
CC       virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of
CC       the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the
CC       membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane.
CC       Low pH in endosomes induces an irreversible conformational change in
CC       HA2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are
CC       required to form a competent fusion pore.
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell
CC       surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the
CC       cell. This attachment induces virion internalization either through
CC       clathrin-dependent endocytosis or through clathrin- and caveolin-
CC       independent pathway. Plays a major role in the determination of host
CC       range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein.
CC       Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by
CC       mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle
CC       with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induces an
CC       irreversible conformational change in HA2, releasing the fusion
CC       hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent
CC       fusion pore. {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072}.
CC   -!- SUBUNIT: Homotrimer of disulfide-linked HA1-HA2. {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-
CC       Rule:MF_04072}.
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Virion membrane {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-
CC       Rule:MF_04072}; Single-pass type I membrane protein {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-
CC       Rule:MF_04072}. Host apical cell membrane {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-
CC       Rule:MF_04072}; Single-pass type I membrane protein {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-
CC       Rule:MF_04072}. Note=Targeted to the apical plasma membrane in
CC       epithelial polarized cells through a signal present in the
CC       transmembrane domain. Associated with glycosphingolipid- and
CC       cholesterol-enriched detergent-resistant lipid rafts.
CC       {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072}.
CC   -!- PTM: Palmitoylated. {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072}.
CC   -!- PTM: In natural infection, inactive HA is matured into HA1 and HA2
CC       outside the cell by one or more trypsin-like, arginine-specific
CC       endoprotease secreted by the bronchial epithelial cells. One identified
CC       protease that may be involved in this process is secreted in lungs by
CC       Clara cells. {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072}.
CC   -!- MISCELLANEOUS: Major glycoprotein, comprises over 80% of the envelope
CC       proteins present in virus particle.
CC   -!- MISCELLANEOUS: The extent of infection into host organism is determined
CC       by HA. Influenza viruses bud from the apical surface of polarized
CC       epithelial cells (e.g. bronchial epithelial cells) into lumen of lungs
CC       and are therefore usually pneumotropic. The reason is that HA is
CC       cleaved by tryptase clara which is restricted to lungs. However, HAs of
CC       H5 and H7 pantropic avian viruses subtypes can be cleaved by furin and
CC       subtilisin-type enzymes, allowing the virus to grow in other organs
CC       than lungs.
CC   -!- MISCELLANEOUS: The influenza A genome consist of 8 RNA segments.
CC       Genetic variation of hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase genes results
CC       in the emergence of new influenza strains. The mechanism of variation
CC       can be the result of point mutations or the result of genetic
CC       reassortment between segments of two different strains. {ECO:0000305}.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the influenza viruses hemagglutinin family.
CC       {ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072}.
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DR   EMBL; M24723; AAA43101.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_RNA.
DR   EMBL; M73773; ABF60576.1; -; Genomic_RNA.
DR   SMR; P16995; -.
DR   GO; GO:0020002; C:host cell plasma membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0016021; C:integral component of membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-UniRule.
DR   GO; GO:0019031; C:viral envelope; IEA:UniProtKB-UniRule.
DR   GO; GO:0055036; C:virion membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0046789; F:host cell surface receptor binding; IEA:UniProtKB-UniRule.
DR   GO; GO:0075512; P:clathrin-dependent endocytosis of virus by host cell; IEA:UniProtKB-UniRule.
DR   GO; GO:0039654; P:fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-UniRule.
DR   GO; GO:0019064; P:fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane; IEA:InterPro.
DR   GO; GO:0046761; P:viral budding from plasma membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-UniRule.
DR   GO; GO:0019062; P:virion attachment to host cell; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   Gene3D; 3.90.209.20; -; 1.
DR   HAMAP; MF_04072; INFV_HEMA; 1.
DR   InterPro; IPR008980; Capsid_hemagglutn.
DR   InterPro; IPR013828; Hemagglutn_HA1_a/b_dom_sf.
DR   InterPro; IPR000149; Hemagglutn_influenz_A.
DR   InterPro; IPR001364; Hemagglutn_influenz_A/B.
DR   Pfam; PF00509; Hemagglutinin; 1.
DR   PRINTS; PR00330; HEMAGGLUTN1.
DR   PRINTS; PR00329; HEMAGGLUTN12.
DR   SUPFAM; SSF49818; SSF49818; 1.
PE   3: Inferred from homology;
KW   Clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis of virus by host;
KW   Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host; Disulfide bond;
KW   Fusion of virus membrane with host endosomal membrane;
KW   Fusion of virus membrane with host membrane; Glycoprotein; Hemagglutinin;
KW   Host cell membrane; Host membrane; Host-virus interaction; Lipoprotein;
KW   Membrane; Palmitate; Signal; Transmembrane; Transmembrane helix;
KW   Viral attachment to host cell; Viral envelope protein;
KW   Viral penetration into host cytoplasm; Virion; Virus endocytosis by host;
KW   Virus entry into host cell.
FT   SIGNAL          1..16
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CHAIN           17..565
FT                   /note="Hemagglutinin"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000440454"
FT   CHAIN           17..343
FT                   /note="Hemagglutinin HA1 chain"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000038976"
FT   CHAIN           345..565
FT                   /note="Hemagglutinin HA2 chain"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000038977"
FT   TOPO_DOM        17..529
FT                   /note="Extracellular"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   TRANSMEM        530..550
FT                   /note="Helical"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   TOPO_DOM        551..565
FT                   /note="Cytoplasmic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   SITE            344..345
FT                   /note="Cleavage; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   LIPID           554
FT                   /note="S-palmitoyl cysteine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   LIPID           561
FT                   /note="S-palmitoyl cysteine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   LIPID           564
FT                   /note="S-palmitoyl cysteine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CARBOHYD        23
FT                   /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CARBOHYD        37
FT                   /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CARBOHYD        53
FT                   /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CARBOHYD        78
FT                   /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CARBOHYD        180
FT                   /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CARBOHYD        300
FT                   /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CARBOHYD        498
FT                   /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine; by host"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   DISULFID        29..481
FT                   /note="Interchain (between HA1 and HA2 chains)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   DISULFID        67..292
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   DISULFID        79..91
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   DISULFID        112..154
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   DISULFID        296..320
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   DISULFID        488..492
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072"
FT   CONFLICT        13..15
FT                   /note="WVY -> AVD (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT   CONFLICT        20
FT                   /note="T -> I (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT   CONFLICT        150
FT                   /note="R -> G (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT   CONFLICT        187
FT                   /note="N -> D (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT   CONFLICT        242
FT                   /note="S -> A (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT   CONFLICT        293
FT                   /note="V -> W (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT   CONFLICT        479
FT                   /note="N -> G (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT   CONFLICT        555
FT                   /note="Q -> E (in Ref. 2; ABF60576)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305"
SQ   SEQUENCE   565 AA;  63686 MW;  1BB06B765982E87C CRC64;
     MKTTIILILL THWVYSQNPT SGNNTATLCL GHHAVANGTL VKTITDDQIE VTNATELVQS
     TSIGKICNNP YRVLDGRNCT LIDAMLGDPH CDVFQYENWD LFIERSSAFS NCYPYDIPDY
     ASLRSIVASS GTLEFTAEGF TWTGVTQNGR SGACRRGSAD SFFSRLNWLT KSGNSYPTLN
     VTMPNNNNFD KLYIWGIHHP STNNEQTKLY VQELGRVTVS TKRSQQTIIP NIGSRPGVRG
     QSGRISIYWT IVKPGDILMI NSNGNLVAPR GYFKMRTGKS SIMRSDAPID TCVSECITPN
     GSIPNDKPFQ NVNKVTYGKC PKYIKQNTLK LATGMRNVPE KQIRGIFGAI AGFIENGWEG
     MVDGWYGFRY QNSEGTGQAA DLKSTQAAID QINGKLNRVI ERTNEKFHQI EKEFSEVEGR
     IQDLEKYVED TKIDLWSYNA ELLVALENQH TIDLTDAEMN KLFEKTRRQL RENAEDMGNG
     CFKIYHKCDN ACIGSIRNGT YDHYIYRDEA LNNRFQIKGV ELKSGYKDWI LWISFAISCF
     LICVVLLGFI MWACQKGNIR CNICI
 
 
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