AOX1A_ARATH
ID AOX1A_ARATH Reviewed; 354 AA.
AC Q39219; O23914; P93734; Q9ZRT8;
DT 15-JUL-1998, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 15-DEC-1998, sequence version 2.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 165.
DE RecName: Full=Ubiquinol oxidase 1a, mitochondrial;
DE EC=1.10.3.11 {ECO:0000269|PubMed:9554960};
DE AltName: Full=Alternative oxidase 1a;
DE Flags: Precursor;
GN Name=AOX1A; Synonyms=AOX1, HSR3; OrderedLocusNames=At3g22370;
GN ORFNames=MCB17.11;
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], INDUCTION BY ANTIMYCIN A, AND TISSUE
RP SPECIFICITY.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia; TISSUE=Leaf, and Stem;
RX PubMed=9349280; DOI=10.1023/a:1005818507743;
RA Saisho D., Nambara E., Naito S., Tsutsumi N., Hirai A., Nakazono M.;
RT "Characterization of the gene family for alternative oxidase from
RT Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Plant Mol. Biol. 35:585-596(1997).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RX PubMed=10518009; DOI=10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01233-8;
RA Lacomme C.J., Roby D.;
RT "Identification of new early markers of the hypersensitive response in
RT Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL FEBS Lett. 459:149-153(1999).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=10819329; DOI=10.1093/dnares/7.2.131;
RA Sato S., Nakamura Y., Kaneko T., Katoh T., Asamizu E., Tabata S.;
RT "Structural analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 3. I. Sequence
RT features of the regions of 4,504,864 bp covered by sixty P1 and TAC
RT clones.";
RL DNA Res. 7:131-135(2000).
RN [4]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [5]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=14593172; DOI=10.1126/science.1088305;
RA Yamada K., Lim J., Dale J.M., Chen H., Shinn P., Palm C.J., Southwick A.M.,
RA Wu H.C., Kim C.J., Nguyen M., Pham P.K., Cheuk R.F., Karlin-Newmann G.,
RA Liu S.X., Lam B., Sakano H., Wu T., Yu G., Miranda M., Quach H.L.,
RA Tripp M., Chang C.H., Lee J.M., Toriumi M.J., Chan M.M., Tang C.C.,
RA Onodera C.S., Deng J.M., Akiyama K., Ansari Y., Arakawa T., Banh J.,
RA Banno F., Bowser L., Brooks S.Y., Carninci P., Chao Q., Choy N., Enju A.,
RA Goldsmith A.D., Gurjal M., Hansen N.F., Hayashizaki Y., Johnson-Hopson C.,
RA Hsuan V.W., Iida K., Karnes M., Khan S., Koesema E., Ishida J., Jiang P.X.,
RA Jones T., Kawai J., Kamiya A., Meyers C., Nakajima M., Narusaka M.,
RA Seki M., Sakurai T., Satou M., Tamse R., Vaysberg M., Wallender E.K.,
RA Wong C., Yamamura Y., Yuan S., Shinozaki K., Davis R.W., Theologis A.,
RA Ecker J.R.;
RT "Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis
RT genome.";
RL Science 302:842-846(2003).
RN [6]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 50-354, AND FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=1438286; DOI=10.1073/pnas.89.22.10842;
RA Kumar A.M., Soell D.;
RT "Arabidopsis alternative oxidase sustains Escherichia coli respiration.";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:10842-10846(1992).
RN [7]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 68-354.
RA Johnson Potter F., Wiskich J.T.;
RL Submitted (MAR-1997) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [8]
RP IRON-BINDING SITES, AND COFACTOR.
RX PubMed=7698344; DOI=10.1016/0014-5793(95)00196-g;
RA Siedow J.N., Umbach A.L., Moore A.L.;
RT "The active site of the cyanide-resistant oxidase from plant mitochondria
RT contains a binuclear iron center.";
RL FEBS Lett. 362:10-14(1995).
RN [9]
RP FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, AND MUTAGENESIS OF PHE-264; MET-268 AND
RP GLY-352.
RX PubMed=9554960; DOI=10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00015-2;
RA Berthold D.A.;
RT "Isolation of mutants of the Arabidopsis thaliana alternative oxidase
RT (ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) resistant to salicylhydroxamic acid.";
RL Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1364:73-83(1998).
RN [10]
RP MUTAGENESIS OF CYS-127 AND CYS-177, SUBUNIT, DISULFIDE BOND, AND ACTIVITY
RP REGULATION.
RX PubMed=9804851; DOI=10.1074/jbc.273.46.30750;
RA Rhoads D.M., Umbach A.L., Sweet C.R., Lennon A.M., Rauch G.S., Siedow J.N.;
RT "Regulation of the cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase of plant
RT mitochondria. Identification of the cysteine residue involved in alpha-keto
RT acid stimulation and intersubunit disulfide bond formation.";
RL J. Biol. Chem. 273:30750-30756(1998).
RN [11]
RP IRON-BINDING SITES, AND COFACTOR.
RX PubMed=10225419; DOI=10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00376-2;
RA Andersson M.E., Nordlund P.;
RT "A revised model of the active site of alternative oxidase.";
RL FEBS Lett. 449:17-22(1999).
RN [12]
RP MUTAGENESIS OF CYS-127, AND ACTIVITY REGULATION.
RX PubMed=10431811; DOI=10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00808-x;
RA Djajanegara I., Holtzapffel R., Finnegan P.M., Hoefnagel M.H.,
RA Berthold D.A., Wiskich J.T., Day D.A.;
RT "A single amino acid change in the plant alternative oxidase alters the
RT specificity of organic acid activation.";
RL FEBS Lett. 454:220-224(1999).
RN [13]
RP IRON-BINDING SITES, AND COFACTOR.
RX PubMed=11106766; DOI=10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00149-3;
RA Berthold D.A., Andersson M.E., Nordlund P.;
RT "New insight into the structure and function of the alternative oxidase.";
RL Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1460:241-254(2000).
RN [14]
RP DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, AND INDUCTION BY ANTIMYCIN A.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia GL1;
RX PubMed=11434463; DOI=10.1266/ggs.76.89;
RA Saisho D., Nakazono M., Lee K.-H., Tsutsumi N., Akita S., Hirai A.;
RT "The gene for alternative oxidase-2 (AOX2) from Arabidopsis thaliana
RT consists of five exons unlike other AOX genes and is transcribed at an
RT early stage during germination.";
RL Genes Genet. Syst. 76:89-97(2001).
RN [15]
RP MUTAGENESIS OF CYS-127, AND INDUCTION BY GLYOXLATE.
RX PubMed=12034477; DOI=10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00219-0;
RA Umbach A.L., Gonzalez-Meler M.A., Sweet C.R., Siedow J.N.;
RT "Activation of the plant mitochondrial alternative oxidase: insights from
RT site-directed mutagenesis.";
RL Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1554:118-128(2002).
RN [16]
RP EPR SPECTROSCOPY.
RX PubMed=12215444; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m206724200;
RA Berthold D.A., Voevodskaya N., Stenmark P., Graslund A., Nordlund P.;
RT "EPR studies of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase. Evidence for a
RT diiron carboxylate center.";
RL J. Biol. Chem. 277:43608-43614(2002).
RN [17]
RP IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION [LARGE SCALE
RP ANALYSIS].
RC STRAIN=cv. Landsberg erecta;
RX PubMed=14671022; DOI=10.1105/tpc.016055;
RA Heazlewood J.L., Tonti-Filippini J.S., Gout A.M., Day D.A., Whelan J.,
RA Millar A.H.;
RT "Experimental analysis of the Arabidopsis mitochondrial proteome highlights
RT signaling and regulatory components, provides assessment of targeting
RT prediction programs, and indicates plant-specific mitochondrial proteins.";
RL Plant Cell 16:241-256(2004).
RN [18]
RP INDUCTION BY ABIOTIC STRESSES.
RX PubMed=16027974; DOI=10.1007/s11103-005-5514-7;
RA Clifton R., Lister R., Parker K.L., Sappl P.G., Elhafez D., Millar A.H.,
RA Day D.A., Whelan J.;
RT "Stress-induced co-expression of alternative respiratory chain components
RT in Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Plant Mol. Biol. 58:193-212(2005).
RN [19]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=16299170; DOI=10.1104/pp.105.070789;
RA Fiorani F., Umbach A.L., Siedow J.N.;
RT "The alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria is involved in the
RT acclimation of shoot growth at low temperature. A study of Arabidopsis
RT AOX1a transgenic plants.";
RL Plant Physiol. 139:1795-1805(2005).
RN [20]
RP DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
RX PubMed=16859634; DOI=10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.03.009;
RA Clifton R., Millar A.H., Whelan J.;
RT "Alternative oxidases in Arabidopsis: a comparative analysis of
RT differential expression in the gene family provides new insights into
RT function of non-phosphorylating bypasses.";
RL Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1757:730-741(2006).
RN [21]
RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY, AND INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=16258072; DOI=10.1093/pcp/pci221;
RA Elhafez D., Murcha M.W., Clifton R., Soole K.L., Day D.A., Whelan J.;
RT "Characterization of mitochondrial alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in
RT Arabidopsis: intraorganelle location and expression.";
RL Plant Cell Physiol. 47:43-54(2006).
RN [22]
RP INDUCTION BY COLD.
RX PubMed=17507388; DOI=10.1093/pcp/pcm061;
RA Matos A.R., Hourton-Cabassa C., Cicek D., Reze N., Arrabaca J.D.,
RA Zachowski A., Moreau F.;
RT "Alternative oxidase involvement in cold stress response of Arabidopsis
RT thaliana fad2 and FAD3+ cell suspensions altered in membrane lipid
RT composition.";
RL Plant Cell Physiol. 48:856-865(2007).
RN [23]
RP DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE.
RX PubMed=19825614; DOI=10.1093/mp/ssn089;
RA Strodtkoetter I., Padmasree K., Dinakar C., Speth B., Niazi P.S.,
RA Wojtera J., Voss I., Do P.T., Nunes-Nesi A., Fernie A.R., Linke V.,
RA Raghavendra A.S., Scheibe R.;
RT "Induction of the AOX1D isoform of alternative oxidase in A. thaliana T-DNA
RT insertion lines lacking isoform AOX1A is insufficient to optimize
RT photosynthesis when treated with antimycin A.";
RL Mol. Plant 2:284-297(2009).
RN [24]
RP INDUCTION BY HIGH LIGHT.
RX PubMed=19567377; DOI=10.1093/pcp/pcp090;
RA Yoshida K., Noguchi K.;
RT "Differential gene expression profiles of the mitochondrial respiratory
RT components in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves.";
RL Plant Cell Physiol. 50:1449-1462(2009).
RN [25]
RP INDUCTION BY LOW-NITROGEN STRESS, AND DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE.
RX PubMed=20304787; DOI=10.1093/pcp/pcq033;
RA Watanabe C.K., Hachiya T., Takahara K., Kawai-Yamada M., Uchimiya H.,
RA Uesono Y., Terashima I., Noguchi K.;
RT "Effects of AOX1a deficiency on plant growth, gene expression of
RT respiratory components and metabolic profile under low-nitrogen stress in
RT Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Plant Cell Physiol. 51:810-822(2010).
RN [26]
RP INDUCTION BY SALT STRESS; H(2)O(2) AND ETHYLENE.
RX PubMed=20801923; DOI=10.1093/pcp/pcq134;
RA Wang H., Liang X., Huang J., Zhang D., Lu H., Liu Z., Bi Y.;
RT "Involvement of ethylene and hydrogen peroxide in induction of alternative
RT respiratory pathway in salt-treated Arabidopsis calluses.";
RL Plant Cell Physiol. 51:1754-1765(2010).
RN [27]
RP DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE.
RX PubMed=21707657; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02384.x;
RA Yoshida K., Watanabe C.K., Terashima I., Noguchi K.;
RT "Physiological impact of mitochondrial alternative oxidase on
RT photosynthesis and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Plant Cell Environ. 34:1890-1899(2011).
RN [28]
RP INDUCTION BY COLD AND ETHYLENE.
RX PubMed=21814799; DOI=10.1007/s00425-011-1488-7;
RA Wang H., Huang J., Liang X., Bi Y.;
RT "Involvement of hydrogen peroxide, calcium, and ethylene in the induction
RT of the alternative pathway in chilling-stressed Arabidopsis callus.";
RL Planta 235:53-67(2012).
RN [29]
RP DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE.
RX PubMed=22848123; DOI=10.1093/pcp/pcs107;
RA Gandin A., Duffes C., Day D.A., Cousins A.B.;
RT "The absence of alternative oxidase AOX1A results in altered response of
RT photosynthetic carbon assimilation to increasing CO2 in Arabidopsis
RT thaliana.";
RL Plant Cell Physiol. 53:1627-1637(2012).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Catalyzes the cyanide-resistant oxidation of ubiquinol and
CC the reduction of molecular oxygen to water, but does not translocate
CC protons and consequently is not linked to oxidative phosphorylation.
CC Increases respiration when the cytochrome respiratory pathway is
CC restricted, or in response to low temperatures.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:1438286, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16299170,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:9554960}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=2 a ubiquinol + O2 = 2 a ubiquinone + 2 H2O;
CC Xref=Rhea:RHEA:30255, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:9565, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:9566,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:16389,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:17976; EC=1.10.3.11;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:9554960};
CC -!- COFACTOR:
CC Name=Fe cation; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:24875;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:10225419, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11106766,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:7698344};
CC Note=Binds 2 iron ions per subunit. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10225419,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:11106766, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7698344};
CC -!- ACTIVITY REGULATION: When the two monomeric subunits are covalently
CC linked by a S-S bond, the enzyme is essentially inactive. When the
CC disulfide bond is reduced, its component sulfhydryls can associate with
CC K-keto acids through formation of a thiohemiacetal, resulting in enzyme
CC activation. Activated by glyoxylate, irrespective to the substitution
CC found at Cys-127. That suggests the presence of a second activation
CC site, possibly Cys-177. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10431811,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:9804851}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:9804851}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion inner membrane
CC {ECO:0000305|PubMed:14671022}; Multi-pass membrane protein
CC {ECO:0000305|PubMed:14671022}. Note=Mitochondrial, possibly in the
CC inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in roots, stems, cotyledons, leaves and
CC flowers. High expression in sepals. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16258072,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:16859634, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9349280}.
CC -!- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Expressed throughout development. Low expression
CC during 48 hours after imbibition and then increases.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11434463, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16859634}.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Up-regulated by antimycin A, low-nitrogen and salt stresses,
CC high light, H(2)O(2), ethylene, paraquat, rotenone, salicylic acid,
CC malonate,erythromycin and cold treatments.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11434463, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12034477,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:16027974, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16258072,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:17507388, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19567377,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:20304787, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20801923,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:21814799, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9349280}.
CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: No visible phenotype under normal growth
CC conditions. Decreased operating efficiency of photosystem II and an
CC enhanced activity of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I.
CC Altered photosynthetic carbon metabolism when grown under high CO(2)
CC concentrations. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19825614,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:20304787, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21707657,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:22848123}.
CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: Cys-127 is involved in the sulfhydryl/disulfide
CC regulation system, but is not required for subunit dimerization.
CC Presence of a positive charge at this residue 127 confers activity
CC while an uncharged substitution creates an inactive enzyme
CC (PubMed:9804851, PubMed:12034477). {ECO:0000305|PubMed:12034477,
CC ECO:0000305|PubMed:9804851}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the alternative oxidase family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- SEQUENCE CAUTION:
CC Sequence=CAA10364.1; Type=Frameshift; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
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DR EMBL; D89875; BAA22625.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AJ131392; CAA10364.1; ALT_FRAME; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AB022215; BAB01775.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002686; AEE76627.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AF370166; AAK43981.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AY059128; AAL15234.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; M96417; AAA32870.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; U85244; AAB49302.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR PIR; A46364; A46364.
DR PIR; T51615; T51615.
DR RefSeq; NP_188876.1; NM_113135.4.
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q39219; -.
DR SMR; Q39219; -.
DR BioGRID; 7138; 1.
DR IntAct; Q39219; 1.
DR MINT; Q39219; -.
DR STRING; 3702.AT3G22370.1; -.
DR SwissPalm; Q39219; -.
DR PaxDb; Q39219; -.
DR PRIDE; Q39219; -.
DR ProteomicsDB; 245006; -.
DR EnsemblPlants; AT3G22370.1; AT3G22370.1; AT3G22370.
DR GeneID; 821806; -.
DR Gramene; AT3G22370.1; AT3G22370.1; AT3G22370.
DR KEGG; ath:AT3G22370; -.
DR Araport; AT3G22370; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2087807; AT3G22370.
DR eggNOG; ENOG502QSB5; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_041974_0_1_1; -.
DR InParanoid; Q39219; -.
DR OMA; AGVNTWI; -.
DR OrthoDB; 943747at2759; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q39219; -.
DR BioCyc; MetaCyc:AT3G22370-MON; -.
DR PRO; PR:Q39219; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 3.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q39219; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; Q39219; AT.
DR GO; GO:0009507; C:chloroplast; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0016021; C:integral component of membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0005743; C:mitochondrial inner membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0005739; C:mitochondrion; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0070469; C:respirasome; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0009916; F:alternative oxidase activity; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0046872; F:metal ion binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0106292; F:superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activity; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0102721; F:ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity; IEA:UniProtKB-EC.
DR GO; GO:0010230; P:alternative respiration; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0045333; P:cellular respiration; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0031930; P:mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway; IEP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009409; P:response to cold; IMP:TAIR.
DR CDD; cd01053; AOX; 1.
DR Gene3D; 1.20.1260.140; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR002680; AOX.
DR InterPro; IPR038659; AOX_sf.
DR PANTHER; PTHR31803; PTHR31803; 1.
DR Pfam; PF01786; AOX; 1.
DR PIRSF; PIRSF005229; AOX; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Disulfide bond; Electron transport; Iron; Membrane; Metal-binding;
KW Mitochondrion; Mitochondrion inner membrane; Oxidoreductase;
KW Reference proteome; Respiratory chain; Transit peptide; Transmembrane;
KW Transmembrane helix; Transport.
FT TRANSIT 1..62
FT /note="Mitochondrion"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT CHAIN 63..354
FT /note="Ubiquinol oxidase 1a, mitochondrial"
FT /id="PRO_0000001731"
FT TRANSMEM 179..199
FT /note="Helical"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT TRANSMEM 241..261
FT /note="Helical"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT REGION 68..99
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 71..85
FT /note="Basic and acidic residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT BINDING 183
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT BINDING 222
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT BINDING 222
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT BINDING 225
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT BINDING 273
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT BINDING 324
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT BINDING 324
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT BINDING 327
FT /ligand="Fe cation"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q26710"
FT DISULFID 127
FT /note="Interchain"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:9804851"
FT MUTAGEN 127
FT /note="C->A,L,Q: Loss of activity and stimulation by
FT pyruvate."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10431811,
FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:12034477, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9804851"
FT MUTAGEN 127
FT /note="C->E,D,R,K: Active enzyme insensitive to stimulation
FT by pyruvate."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10431811,
FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:12034477, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9804851"
FT MUTAGEN 127
FT /note="C->S: Loss of oxidative inactivation and stimulation
FT by pyruvate, but can be activated by succinate."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10431811,
FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:12034477, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9804851"
FT MUTAGEN 177
FT /note="C->A: No effect on stimulation by pyruvate."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:9804851"
FT MUTAGEN 264
FT /note="F->L: Increased resistance to a substrate-analog
FT inhibitor."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:9554960"
FT MUTAGEN 268
FT /note="M->I,V: Increased resistance to a substrate-analog
FT inhibitor."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:9554960"
FT MUTAGEN 352
FT /note="G->E: Increased resistance to a substrate-analog
FT inhibitor."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:9554960"
FT CONFLICT 37
FT /note="A -> R (in Ref. 2; CAA10364)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT CONFLICT 50..51
FT /note="IW -> MD (in Ref. 6; AAA32870)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
SQ SEQUENCE 354 AA; 39980 MW; 6DA19881E8BC9382 CRC64;
MMITRGGAKA AKSLLVAAGP RLFSTVRTVS SHEALSASHI LKPGVTSAWI WTRAPTIGGM
RFASTITLGE KTPMKEEDAN QKKTENESTG GDAAGGNNKG DKGIASYWGV EPNKITKEDG
SEWKWNCFRP WETYKADITI DLKKHHVPTT FLDRIAYWTV KSLRWPTDLF FQRRYGCRAM
MLETVAAVPG MVGGMLLHCK SLRRFEQSGG WIKALLEEAE NERMHLMTFM EVAKPKWYER
ALVITVQGVF FNAYFLGYLI SPKFAHRMVG YLEEEAIHSY TEFLKELDKG NIENVPAPAI
AIDYWRLPAD ATLRDVVMVV RADEAHHRDV NHFASDIHYQ GRELKEAPAP IGYH
