KSB_ARATH
ID KSB_ARATH Reviewed; 785 AA.
AC Q9SAK2; O64952; Q67ZQ6;
DT 26-APR-2005, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 01-MAY-2000, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 144.
DE RecName: Full=Ent-kaur-16-ene synthase, chloroplastic {ECO:0000305};
DE EC=4.2.3.19 {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9536043};
DE AltName: Full=Ent-kaurene synthase {ECO:0000303|PubMed:17456599};
DE Short=AtKS {ECO:0000303|PubMed:17456599};
DE AltName: Full=Ent-kaurene synthase B;
DE Short=KSB;
DE AltName: Full=Protein GA REQUIRING 2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:9536043};
DE Flags: Precursor;
GN Name=GA2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:9536043};
GN Synonyms=KS {ECO:0000303|PubMed:17456599}, KS1,
GN TPSGA2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:12207221};
GN OrderedLocusNames=At1g79460 {ECO:0000312|Araport:AT1G79460};
GN ORFNames=T8K14.12 {ECO:0000312|EMBL:AAD30231.1};
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], FUNCTION, DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE, CATALYTIC
RP ACTIVITY, PATHWAY, AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
RC STRAIN=cv. Landsberg erecta;
RX PubMed=9536043; DOI=10.1104/pp.116.4.1271;
RA Yamaguchi S., Sun T.-P., Kawaide H., Kamiya Y.;
RT "The GA2 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes ent-kaurene synthase of
RT gibberellin biosynthesis.";
RL Plant Physiol. 116:1271-1278(1998).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11130712; DOI=10.1038/35048500;
RA Theologis A., Ecker J.R., Palm C.J., Federspiel N.A., Kaul S., White O.,
RA Alonso J., Altafi H., Araujo R., Bowman C.L., Brooks S.Y., Buehler E.,
RA Chan A., Chao Q., Chen H., Cheuk R.F., Chin C.W., Chung M.K., Conn L.,
RA Conway A.B., Conway A.R., Creasy T.H., Dewar K., Dunn P., Etgu P.,
RA Feldblyum T.V., Feng J.-D., Fong B., Fujii C.Y., Gill J.E., Goldsmith A.D.,
RA Haas B., Hansen N.F., Hughes B., Huizar L., Hunter J.L., Jenkins J.,
RA Johnson-Hopson C., Khan S., Khaykin E., Kim C.J., Koo H.L.,
RA Kremenetskaia I., Kurtz D.B., Kwan A., Lam B., Langin-Hooper S., Lee A.,
RA Lee J.M., Lenz C.A., Li J.H., Li Y.-P., Lin X., Liu S.X., Liu Z.A.,
RA Luros J.S., Maiti R., Marziali A., Militscher J., Miranda M., Nguyen M.,
RA Nierman W.C., Osborne B.I., Pai G., Peterson J., Pham P.K., Rizzo M.,
RA Rooney T., Rowley D., Sakano H., Salzberg S.L., Schwartz J.R., Shinn P.,
RA Southwick A.M., Sun H., Tallon L.J., Tambunga G., Toriumi M.J., Town C.D.,
RA Utterback T., Van Aken S., Vaysberg M., Vysotskaia V.S., Walker M., Wu D.,
RA Yu G., Fraser C.M., Venter J.C., Davis R.W.;
RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nature 408:816-820(2000).
RN [3]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [4]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] OF 12-785.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RA Totoki Y., Seki M., Ishida J., Nakajima M., Enju A., Kamiya A.,
RA Narusaka M., Shin-i T., Nakagawa M., Sakamoto N., Oishi K., Kohara Y.,
RA Kobayashi M., Toyoda A., Sakaki Y., Sakurai T., Iida K., Akiyama K.,
RA Satou M., Toyoda T., Konagaya A., Carninci P., Kawai J., Hayashizaki Y.,
RA Shinozaki K.;
RT "Large-scale analysis of RIKEN Arabidopsis full-length (RAFL) cDNAs.";
RL Submitted (SEP-2004) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [5]
RP GENE FAMILY, AND NOMENCLATURE.
RX PubMed=12207221; DOI=10.1007/s00438-002-0709-y;
RA Aubourg S., Lecharny A., Bohlmann J.;
RT "Genomic analysis of the terpenoid synthase (AtTPS) gene family of
RT Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Mol. Genet. Genomics 267:730-745(2002).
RN [6]
RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
RX PubMed=12566586; DOI=10.1105/tpc.007989;
RA Chen F., Tholl D., D'Auria J.C., Farooq A., Pichersky E., Gershenzon J.;
RT "Biosynthesis and emission of terpenoid volatiles from Arabidopsis
RT flowers.";
RL Plant Cell 15:481-494(2003).
RN [7]
RP GENE FAMILY.
RX PubMed=12777052; DOI=10.1023/a:1023005504702;
RA Lange B.M., Ghassemian M.;
RT "Genome organization in Arabidopsis thaliana: a survey for genes involved
RT in isoprenoid and chlorophyll metabolism.";
RL Plant Mol. Biol. 51:925-948(2003).
RN [8]
RP FUNCTION, MUTAGENESIS OF ILE-638, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, PATHWAY, AND
RP BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
RX PubMed=17456599; DOI=10.1073/pnas.0611454104;
RA Xu M., Wilderman P.R., Peters R.J.;
RT "Following evolution's lead to a single residue switch for diterpene
RT synthase product outcome.";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:7397-7401(2007).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Involved in the biosynthesis of ent-kaurene diterpenoids
CC natural products and in the production of gibberellins phytohormones
CC (PubMed:17456599, PubMed:9536043). Catalyzes the conversion of ent-
CC copalyl diphosphate to the gibberellin precursor ent-kaur-16-ene
CC (PubMed:17456599, PubMed:9536043). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:9536043}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=ent-copalyl diphosphate = diphosphate + ent-kaur-16-ene;
CC Xref=Rhea:RHEA:22220, ChEBI:CHEBI:15415, ChEBI:CHEBI:33019,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58553; EC=4.2.3.19;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9536043};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:22221;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9536043};
CC -!- COFACTOR:
CC Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577};
CC Note=Binds 3 Mg(2+) ions per subunit. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577};
CC -!- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
CC Kinetic parameters:
CC KM=0.3 uM for ent-copalyl diphosphate {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599};
CC Note=kcat is 0.06 sec(-1) with ent-copalyl diphosphate as substrate.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599};
CC -!- PATHWAY: Plant hormone biosynthesis; gibberellin biosynthesis.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9536043}.
CC -!- PATHWAY: Secondary metabolite biosynthesis; terpenoid biosynthesis.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast {ECO:0000255}.
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed ubiquitously in roots, stems, leaves,
CC flowers and siliques. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12566586,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:9536043}.
CC -!- DOMAIN: The Asp-Asp-Xaa-Xaa-Asp/Glu (DDXXD/E) motif is important for
CC the catalytic activity, presumably through binding to Mg(2+).
CC {ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: Gibberellin-deficient dwarf plants.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:9536043}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the terpene synthase family. Tpse subfamily.
CC {ECO:0000305}.
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DR EMBL; AF034774; AAC39443.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AC007202; AAD30231.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002684; AEE36246.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AK176061; BAD43824.1; -; mRNA.
DR PIR; G96825; G96825.
DR PIR; T52059; T52059.
DR RefSeq; NP_178064.1; NM_106594.4.
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q9SAK2; -.
DR SMR; Q9SAK2; -.
DR STRING; 3702.AT1G79460.1; -.
DR PaxDb; Q9SAK2; -.
DR PRIDE; Q9SAK2; -.
DR ProteomicsDB; 250704; -.
DR EnsemblPlants; AT1G79460.1; AT1G79460.1; AT1G79460.
DR GeneID; 844284; -.
DR Gramene; AT1G79460.1; AT1G79460.1; AT1G79460.
DR KEGG; ath:AT1G79460; -.
DR Araport; AT1G79460; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2206390; AT1G79460.
DR eggNOG; ENOG502QVGX; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_003125_2_0_1; -.
DR InParanoid; Q9SAK2; -.
DR OMA; HMKHERD; -.
DR OrthoDB; 318477at2759; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q9SAK2; -.
DR BioCyc; ARA:AT1G79460-MON; -.
DR BioCyc; MetaCyc:AT1G79460-MON; -.
DR BRENDA; 4.2.3.19; 399.
DR UniPathway; UPA00213; -.
DR UniPathway; UPA00390; -.
DR PRO; PR:Q9SAK2; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 1.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q9SAK2; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; Q9SAK2; AT.
DR GO; GO:0009507; C:chloroplast; HDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009570; C:chloroplast stroma; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009899; F:ent-kaurene synthase activity; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0000287; F:magnesium ion binding; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0010333; F:terpene synthase activity; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0016102; P:diterpenoid biosynthetic process; IBA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0009740; P:gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway; TAS:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009686; P:gibberellin biosynthetic process; IDA:TAIR.
DR CDD; cd00684; Terpene_cyclase_plant_C1; 1.
DR Gene3D; 1.10.600.10; -; 1.
DR Gene3D; 1.50.10.130; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR008949; Isoprenoid_synthase_dom_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR044814; Terpene_cyclase_plant_C1.
DR InterPro; IPR001906; Terpene_synth_N.
DR InterPro; IPR036965; Terpene_synth_N_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR005630; Terpene_synthase_metal-bd.
DR InterPro; IPR008930; Terpenoid_cyclase/PrenylTrfase.
DR Pfam; PF01397; Terpene_synth; 1.
DR Pfam; PF03936; Terpene_synth_C; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF48239; SSF48239; 2.
DR SUPFAM; SSF48576; SSF48576; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Chloroplast; Lyase; Magnesium; Metal-binding; Plastid; Reference proteome;
KW Transit peptide.
FT TRANSIT 1..29
FT /note="Chloroplast"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT CHAIN 30..785
FT /note="Ent-kaur-16-ene synthase, chloroplastic"
FT /id="PRO_0000033625"
FT MOTIF 531..535
FT /note="DDXXD motif"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT BINDING 531
FT /ligand="Mg(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18420"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577"
FT BINDING 531
FT /ligand="Mg(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18420"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577"
FT BINDING 535
FT /ligand="Mg(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18420"
FT /ligand_label="1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577"
FT BINDING 535
FT /ligand="Mg(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18420"
FT /ligand_label="2"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577"
FT BINDING 675
FT /ligand="Mg(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18420"
FT /ligand_label="3"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577"
FT BINDING 683
FT /ligand="Mg(2+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18420"
FT /ligand_label="3"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q40577"
FT MUTAGEN 638
FT /note="I->T: Changes catalytic activity. Converts ent-
FT copalyl diphosphate to ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene and
FT diphosphate."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17456599"
FT CONFLICT 21
FT /note="R -> G (in Ref. 1; AAC39443)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT CONFLICT 781
FT /note="E -> K (in Ref. 1; AAC39443)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
SQ SEQUENCE 785 AA; 89622 MW; E44C271E9D2BDDD7 CRC64;
MSINLRSSGC SSPISATLER RLDSEVQTRA NNVSFEQTKE KIRKMLEKVE LSVSAYDTSW
VAMVPSPSSQ NAPLFPQCVK WLLDNQHEDG SWGLDNHDHQ SLKKDVLSST LASILALKKW
GIGERQINKG LQFIELNSAL VTDETIQKPT GFDIIFPGMI KYARDLNLTI PLGSEVVDDM
IRKRDLDLKC DSEKFSKGRE AYLAYVLEGT RNLKDWDLIV KYQRKNGSLF DSPATTAAAF
TQFGNDGCLR YLCSLLQKFE AAVPSVYPFD QYARLSIIVT LESLGIDRDF KTEIKSILDE
TYRYWLRGDE EICLDLATCA LAFRLLLAHG YDVSYDPLKP FAEESGFSDT LEGYVKNTFS
VLELFKAAQS YPHESALKKQ CCWTKQYLEM ELSSWVKTSV RDKYLKKEVE DALAFPSYAS
LERSDHRRKI LNGSAVENTR VTKTSYRLHN ICTSDILKLA VDDFNFCQSI HREEMERLDR
WIVENRLQEL KFARQKLAYC YFSGAATLFS PELSDARISW AKGGVLTTVV DDFFDVGGSK
EELENLIHLV EKWDLNGVPE YSSEHVEIIF SVLRDTILET GDKAFTYQGR NVTHHIVKIW
LDLLKSMLRE AEWSSDKSTP SLEDYMENAY ISFALGPIVL PATYLIGPPL PEKTVDSHQY
NQLYKLVSTM GRLLNDIQGF KRESAEGKLN AVSLHMKHER DNRSKEVIIE SMKGLAERKR
EELHKLVLEE KGSVVPRECK EAFLKMSKVL NLFYRKDDGF TSNDLMSLVK SVIYEPVSLQ
EESLT
