MGDG2_ARATH
ID MGDG2_ARATH Reviewed; 468 AA.
AC O82730; Q94JU8; W8Q2S4;
DT 02-SEP-2008, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 01-NOV-1998, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 119.
DE RecName: Full=Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 2, chloroplastic {ECO:0000305};
DE Short=AtMGD2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:11553816};
DE EC=2.4.1.46 {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
DE AltName: Full=MGDG synthase type B {ECO:0000303|PubMed:11553816};
DE Flags: Precursor;
GN Name=MGD2 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:11553816};
GN Synonyms=MGDB {ECO:0000303|PubMed:11553816};
GN OrderedLocusNames=At5g20410 {ECO:0000312|Araport:AT5G20410};
GN ORFNames=F5O24.300, F7C8;
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, SUBCELLULAR
RP LOCATION, TISSUE SPECIFICITY, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, AND INDUCTION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11553816; DOI=10.1073/pnas.181331498;
RA Awai K., Marechal E., Block M.A., Brun D., Masuda T., Shimada H.,
RA Takamiya K., Ohta H., Joyard J.;
RT "Two types of MGDG synthase genes, found widely in both 16:3 and 18:3
RT plants, differentially mediate galactolipid syntheses in photosynthetic and
RT nonphotosynthetic tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:10960-10965(2001).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RX PubMed=24905498; DOI=10.1111/tpj.12577;
RA Lao J., Oikawa A., Bromley J.R., McInerney P., Suttangkakul A.,
RA Smith-Moritz A.M., Plahar H., Chiu T.-Y., Gonzalez Fernandez-Nino S.M.G.,
RA Ebert B., Yang F., Christiansen K.M., Hansen S.F., Stonebloom S.,
RA Adams P.D., Ronald P.C., Hillson N.J., Hadi M.Z., Vega-Sanchez M.E.,
RA Loque D., Scheller H.V., Heazlewood J.L.;
RT "The plant glycosyltransferase clone collection for functional genomics.";
RL Plant J. 79:517-529(2014).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=11130714; DOI=10.1038/35048507;
RA Tabata S., Kaneko T., Nakamura Y., Kotani H., Kato T., Asamizu E.,
RA Miyajima N., Sasamoto S., Kimura T., Hosouchi T., Kawashima K., Kohara M.,
RA Matsumoto M., Matsuno A., Muraki A., Nakayama S., Nakazaki N., Naruo K.,
RA Okumura S., Shinpo S., Takeuchi C., Wada T., Watanabe A., Yamada M.,
RA Yasuda M., Sato S., de la Bastide M., Huang E., Spiegel L., Gnoj L.,
RA O'Shaughnessy A., Preston R., Habermann K., Murray J., Johnson D.,
RA Rohlfing T., Nelson J., Stoneking T., Pepin K., Spieth J., Sekhon M.,
RA Armstrong J., Becker M., Belter E., Cordum H., Cordes M., Courtney L.,
RA Courtney W., Dante M., Du H., Edwards J., Fryman J., Haakensen B.,
RA Lamar E., Latreille P., Leonard S., Meyer R., Mulvaney E., Ozersky P.,
RA Riley A., Strowmatt C., Wagner-McPherson C., Wollam A., Yoakum M., Bell M.,
RA Dedhia N., Parnell L., Shah R., Rodriguez M., Hoon See L., Vil D.,
RA Baker J., Kirchoff K., Toth K., King L., Bahret A., Miller B., Marra M.A.,
RA Martienssen R., McCombie W.R., Wilson R.K., Murphy G., Bancroft I.,
RA Volckaert G., Wambutt R., Duesterhoeft A., Stiekema W., Pohl T.,
RA Entian K.-D., Terryn N., Hartley N., Bent E., Johnson S., Langham S.-A.,
RA McCullagh B., Robben J., Grymonprez B., Zimmermann W., Ramsperger U.,
RA Wedler H., Balke K., Wedler E., Peters S., van Staveren M., Dirkse W.,
RA Mooijman P., Klein Lankhorst R., Weitzenegger T., Bothe G., Rose M.,
RA Hauf J., Berneiser S., Hempel S., Feldpausch M., Lamberth S.,
RA Villarroel R., Gielen J., Ardiles W., Bents O., Lemcke K., Kolesov G.,
RA Mayer K.F.X., Rudd S., Schoof H., Schueller C., Zaccaria P., Mewes H.-W.,
RA Bevan M., Fransz P.F.;
RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nature 408:823-826(2000).
RN [4]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [5]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] OF 10-468.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=14593172; DOI=10.1126/science.1088305;
RA Yamada K., Lim J., Dale J.M., Chen H., Shinn P., Palm C.J., Southwick A.M.,
RA Wu H.C., Kim C.J., Nguyen M., Pham P.K., Cheuk R.F., Karlin-Newmann G.,
RA Liu S.X., Lam B., Sakano H., Wu T., Yu G., Miranda M., Quach H.L.,
RA Tripp M., Chang C.H., Lee J.M., Toriumi M.J., Chan M.M., Tang C.C.,
RA Onodera C.S., Deng J.M., Akiyama K., Ansari Y., Arakawa T., Banh J.,
RA Banno F., Bowser L., Brooks S.Y., Carninci P., Chao Q., Choy N., Enju A.,
RA Goldsmith A.D., Gurjal M., Hansen N.F., Hayashizaki Y., Johnson-Hopson C.,
RA Hsuan V.W., Iida K., Karnes M., Khan S., Koesema E., Ishida J., Jiang P.X.,
RA Jones T., Kawai J., Kamiya A., Meyers C., Nakajima M., Narusaka M.,
RA Seki M., Sakurai T., Satou M., Tamse R., Vaysberg M., Wallender E.K.,
RA Wong C., Yamamura Y., Yuan S., Shinozaki K., Davis R.W., Theologis A.,
RA Ecker J.R.;
RT "Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis
RT genome.";
RL Science 302:842-846(2003).
RN [6]
RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY, AND INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=14730084; DOI=10.1104/pp.103.032656;
RA Kobayashi K., Awai K., Takamiya K., Ohta H.;
RT "Arabidopsis type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes are
RT expressed during pollen tube growth and induced by phosphate starvation.";
RL Plant Physiol. 134:640-648(2004).
RN [7]
RP INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=16762032; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02778.x;
RA Kobayashi K., Masuda T., Takamiya K., Ohta H.;
RT "Membrane lipid alteration during phosphate starvation is regulated by
RT phosphate signaling and auxin/cytokinin cross-talk.";
RL Plant J. 47:238-248(2006).
RN [8]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=18808455; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03692.x;
RA Kobayashi K., Awai K., Nakamura M., Nagatani A., Masuda T., Ohta H.;
RT "Type-B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are involved in phosphate
RT starvation-induced lipid remodeling, and are crucial for low-phosphate
RT adaptation.";
RL Plant J. 57:322-331(2009).
RN [9]
RP ACTIVITY REGULATION.
RX PubMed=21946275; DOI=10.1038/nchembio.658;
RA Botte C.Y., Deligny M., Roccia A., Bonneau A.L., Saidani N., Hardre H.,
RA Aci S., Yamaryo-Botte Y., Jouhet J., Dubots E., Loizeau K., Bastien O.,
RA Brehelin L., Joyard J., Cintrat J.C., Falconet D., Block M.A., Rousseau B.,
RA Lopez R., Marechal E.;
RT "Chemical inhibitors of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases in
RT Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nat. Chem. Biol. 7:834-842(2011).
RN [10]
RP FUNCTION, AND INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=31201686; DOI=10.1007/s11103-019-00891-1;
RA Murakawa M., Ohta H., Shimojima M.;
RT "Lipid remodeling under acidic conditions and its interplay with low Pi
RT stress in Arabidopsis.";
RL Plant Mol. Biol. 101:81-93(2019).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Involved in the synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol,
CC the major structural component of photosynthetic membranes and in the
CC chloroplast envelope biogenesis. Can use both prokaryotic (18:1/16:0)
CC or eukaryotic (18:2/18:2) 1,2-diacylglycerol species, but operates with
CC some preference for the eukaryotic one. Plays a minor role in
CC galactolipid synthesis in chloroplasts (PubMed:11553816). Is required
CC for membrane lipid remodeling in phosphate-starved roots
CC (PubMed:18808455, PubMed:31201686). Acts as the minor factor involved
CC in digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) biosynthesis in phosphate-starved
CC roots (PubMed:18808455). Does not seem to be required for plant growth
CC under nutrient-sufficient conditions (PubMed:18808455). Required for
CC membrane lipid remodeling in plants grown in acidic conditions
CC (PubMed:31201686). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:18808455, ECO:0000269|PubMed:31201686}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a 1,2-
CC diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol + H(+) + UDP;
CC Xref=Rhea:RHEA:14945, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:17615,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:17815, ChEBI:CHEBI:58223, ChEBI:CHEBI:66914; EC=2.4.1.46;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:14946;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycerol + UDP-alpha-D-
CC galactose = 1,2-di-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-
CC glycerol + H(+) + UDP; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:48492, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58223, ChEBI:CHEBI:66914, ChEBI:CHEBI:77127,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:90506; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:48493;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol + UDP-alpha-D-
CC galactose = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-hexadecanoyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-
CC sn-glycerol + H(+) + UDP; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:48496, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58223, ChEBI:CHEBI:66914, ChEBI:CHEBI:75447,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:90507; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:48497;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol + UDP-alpha-D-galactose =
CC 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + H(+) +
CC UDP; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:48480, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:52333,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58223, ChEBI:CHEBI:63775, ChEBI:CHEBI:66914;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:48481;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816};
CC -!- ACTIVITY REGULATION: Inhibited by galvestine-1.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21946275}.
CC -!- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
CC pH dependence:
CC Optimum pH is 8.5.;
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Plastid, chloroplast outer membrane
CC {ECO:0000305|PubMed:11553816}.
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed mainly in floral buds. Detected in roots,
CC leaves, stems, siliques and pollen tubes. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:14730084}.
CC -!- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Low and continuous expression throughout whole
CC developmental stages. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816}.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Induced by phosphate deprivation (PubMed:11553816,
CC PubMed:14730084, PubMed:16762032). Induced in rosette leaves when grown
CC in acidic soil (PubMed:31201686). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11553816,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:14730084, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16762032,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:31201686}.
CC -!- MISCELLANEOUS: Auxin activates expression during Pi starvation, whereas
CC cytokinin represses it.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 28 family.
CC {ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- SEQUENCE CAUTION:
CC Sequence=AAK50066.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Truncated N-terminus.; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
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DR EMBL; AJ000331; CAA04005.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; KJ138675; AHL38615.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AF296825; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AF296833; -; NOT_ANNOTATED_CDS; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002688; AED92840.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AF372926; AAK50066.1; ALT_INIT; mRNA.
DR EMBL; AY078038; AAL77739.1; -; mRNA.
DR PIR; T52269; T52269.
DR RefSeq; NP_568394.2; NM_122048.4.
DR AlphaFoldDB; O82730; -.
DR SMR; O82730; -.
DR STRING; 3702.AT5G20410.1; -.
DR SwissLipids; SLP:000001445; -.
DR CAZy; GT28; Glycosyltransferase Family 28.
DR iPTMnet; O82730; -.
DR PaxDb; O82730; -.
DR PRIDE; O82730; -.
DR ProteomicsDB; 238336; -.
DR EnsemblPlants; AT5G20410.1; AT5G20410.1; AT5G20410.
DR GeneID; 832163; -.
DR Gramene; AT5G20410.1; AT5G20410.1; AT5G20410.
DR KEGG; ath:AT5G20410; -.
DR Araport; AT5G20410; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2149274; AT5G20410.
DR eggNOG; ENOG502QPXV; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_028367_3_1_1; -.
DR InParanoid; O82730; -.
DR OMA; NIPYMLT; -.
DR OrthoDB; 628561at2759; -.
DR PhylomeDB; O82730; -.
DR BioCyc; MetaCyc:AT5G20410-MON; -.
DR BRENDA; 2.4.1.46; 399.
DR PRO; PR:O82730; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 5.
DR ExpressionAtlas; O82730; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; O82730; AT.
DR GO; GO:0009707; C:chloroplast outer membrane; TAS:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0046509; F:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-galactosyltransferase activity; IEA:UniProtKB-EC.
DR GO; GO:0035250; F:UDP-galactosyltransferase activity; TAS:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0016036; P:cellular response to phosphate starvation; IGI:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0006631; P:fatty acid metabolic process; IGI:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0019374; P:galactolipid metabolic process; IGI:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009247; P:glycolipid biosynthetic process; IEA:InterPro.
DR InterPro; IPR009695; Diacylglyc_glucosyltr_N.
DR InterPro; IPR007235; Glyco_trans_28_C.
DR Pfam; PF04101; Glyco_tran_28_C; 1.
DR Pfam; PF06925; MGDG_synth; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Chloroplast; Glycosyltransferase; Membrane; Plastid;
KW Plastid outer membrane; Reference proteome; Transferase; Transit peptide.
FT TRANSIT 1..?
FT /note="Chloroplast"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT CHAIN ?..468
FT /note="Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 2,
FT chloroplastic"
FT /id="PRO_0000349422"
FT BINDING 82
FT /ligand="UDP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:58223"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:O81770"
FT BINDING 251
FT /ligand="UDP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:58223"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:O81770"
FT BINDING 361..365
FT /ligand="UDP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:58223"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:O81770"
FT BINDING 383
FT /ligand="UDP"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:58223"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:O81770"
SQ SEQUENCE 468 AA; 52727 MW; 58F56C3C1C383C24 CRC64;
MATTVMALAE KVLERVYGTS KSAVSVTSGD GEKTHRHTHH HIHRIKSYDD IDEDESSLEL
IQIGAERTKN VLILMSDTGG GHRASAEAIR DAFKIEFGDK YRVIVKDVWK EYTGWPLNDM
ERSYKFMVKH VQLWKVAFHS TSPKWIHSCY LAAIAAYYAK EVEAGLMEYK PEIIISVHPL
MQHIPLWVLK WQELQKRVLF VTVITDLNTC HPTWFHPGVN RCYCPSQEVA KRALFDGLDE
SQVRVFGLPV RPSFARAVLV KDDLRKELEM DQDLRAVLLM GGGEGMGPVK ETAKALEEFL
YDKENRKPIG QMVVICGRNK KLASALEAID WKIPVKVRGF ETQMEKWMGA CDCIITKAGP
GTIAESLIRS LPIILNDYIP GQEKGNVPYV VENGAGVFTR SPKETARIVG EWFSTKTDEL
EQTSDNARKL AQPEAVFDIV KDIDELSEQR GPLASVSYNL TSSFASLV
