PATN_PENEN
ID PATN_PENEN Reviewed; 259 AA.
AC A0A075TRB3;
DT 05-DEC-2018, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 29-OCT-2014, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 31.
DE RecName: Full=Isoepoxydon dehydrogenase patN {ECO:0000303|PubMed:25120234};
DE Short=IDH {ECO:0000303|PubMed:25120234};
DE EC=1.1.1.- {ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886};
DE AltName: Full=Patulin biosynthesis cluster protein N {ECO:0000303|PubMed:25120234};
GN Name=patN {ECO:0000303|PubMed:25120234}; ORFNames=PEX2_082830;
OS Penicillium expansum (Blue mold rot fungus).
OC Eukaryota; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Eurotiomycetes;
OC Eurotiomycetidae; Eurotiales; Aspergillaceae; Penicillium.
OX NCBI_TaxID=27334;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], IDENTIFICATION, AND INDUCTION.
RC STRAIN=NRRL 35695;
RX PubMed=25120234; DOI=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.028;
RA Tannous J., El Khoury R., Snini S.P., Lippi Y., El Khoury A., Atoui A.,
RA Lteif R., Oswald I.P., Puel O.;
RT "Sequencing, physical organization and kinetic expression of the patulin
RT biosynthetic gene cluster from Penicillium expansum.";
RL Int. J. Food Microbiol. 189C:51-60(2014).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=MD-8;
RX PubMed=25338147; DOI=10.1094/MPMI-09-14-0261-FI;
RA Ballester A.R., Marcet-Houben M., Levin E., Sela N., Selma-Lazaro C.,
RA Carmona L., Wisniewski M., Droby S., Gonzalez-Candelas L., Gabaldon T.;
RT "Genome, transcriptome, and functional analyses of Penicillium expansum
RT provide new insights into secondary metabolism and pathogenicity.";
RL Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 28:232-248(2015).
RN [3]
RP BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=15082620; DOI=10.1093/ije/dyh028;
RG Patulin Clinical Trials Committee, Medical Research Council;
RT "Clinical trial of patulin in the common cold. 1944.";
RL Int. J. Epidemiol. 33:243-246(2004).
RN [4]
RP BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=22222931; DOI=10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.022;
RA de Melo F.T., de Oliveira I.M., Greggio S., Dacosta J.C., Guecheva T.N.,
RA Saffi J., Henriques J.A., Rosa R.M.;
RT "DNA damage in organs of mice treated acutely with patulin, a known
RT mycotoxin.";
RL Food Chem. Toxicol. 50:3548-3555(2012).
RN [5]
RP BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=26619846; DOI=10.1007/s13277-015-4474-z;
RA Boussabbeh M., Ben Salem I., Rjiba-Touati K., Bouyahya C., Neffati F.,
RA Najjar M.F., Bacha H., Abid-Essefi S.;
RT "The potential effect of patulin on mice bearing melanoma cells: an anti-
RT tumour or carcinogenic effect?";
RL Tumor Biol. 37:6285-6295(2016).
RN [6]
RP INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=27528575; DOI=10.1111/mpp.12469;
RA Kumar D., Barad S., Chen Y., Luo X., Tannous J., Dubey A., Glam Matana N.,
RA Tian S., Li B., Keller N., Prusky D.;
RT "LaeA regulation of secondary metabolism modulates virulence in Penicillium
RT expansum and is mediated by sucrose.";
RL Mol. Plant Pathol. 18:1150-1163(2017).
RN [7]
RP FUNCTION, AND INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=30100914; DOI=10.3389/fpls.2018.01094;
RA Kumar D., Tannous J., Sionov E., Keller N., Prusky D.;
RT "Apple intrinsic factors modulating the global regulator, LaeA, the patulin
RT gene cluster and patulin accumulation during fruit colonization by
RT Penicillium expansum.";
RL Front. Plant Sci. 9:1094-1094(2018).
RN [8]
RP FUNCTION, AND INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=25625822; DOI=10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0398-fi;
RA Li B., Zong Y., Du Z., Chen Y., Zhang Z., Qin G., Zhao W., Tian S.;
RT "Genomic characterization reveals insights into patulin biosynthesis and
RT pathogenicity in Penicillium species.";
RL Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 28:635-647(2015).
RN [9]
RP FUNCTION, DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY,
RP INDUCTION, AND PATHWAY.
RX PubMed=30680886; DOI=10.1111/1462-2920.14542;
RA Li B., Chen Y., Zong Y., Shang Y., Zhang Z., Xu X., Wang X., Long M.,
RA Tian S.;
RT "Dissection of patulin biosynthesis, spatial control and regulation
RT mechanism in Penicillium expansum.";
RL Environ. Microbiol. 21:1124-1139(2019).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Isoepoxydon dehydrogenase; part of the gene cluster that
CC mediates the biosynthesis of patulin, an acetate-derived tetraketide
CC mycotoxin produced by several fungal species that shows antimicrobial
CC properties against several bacteria (PubMed:30100914, PubMed:25625822,
CC PubMed:30680886). PatN catalyzes the conversion of isoepoxydon into
CC phyllostine (PubMed:30680886). The pathway begins with the synthesis of
CC 6-methylsalicylic acid by the polyketide synthase (PKS) patK via
CC condensation of acetate and malonate units. The 6-methylsalicylic acid
CC decarboxylase patG then catalyzes the decarboxylation of 6-
CC methylsalicylic acid to yield m-cresol (also known as 3-methylphenol).
CC These first reactions occur in the cytosol. The intermediate m-cresol
CC is then transported into the endoplasmic reticulum where the cytochrome
CC P450 monooxygenase patH converts it to m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, which
CC is further converted to gentisyl alcohol by the cytochrome P450
CC monooxygenase patI. The oxidoreductases patJ and patO further convert
CC gentisyl alcohol to isoepoxydon in the vacuole. PatN catalyzes then the
CC transformation of isoepoxydon into phyllostine. The cluster protein
CC patF is responsible for the conversion from phyllostine to neopatulin
CC whereas the alcohol dehydrogenase patD converts neopatulin to E-
CC ascladiol. The steps between isoepoxydon and E-ascladiol occur in the
CC cytosol, and E-ascladiol is probably secreted to the extracellular
CC space by one of the cluster-specific transporters patC or patM.
CC Finally, the secreted patulin synthase patE catalyzes the conversion of
CC E-ascladiol to patulin (PubMed:30680886) (Probable).
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25625822, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30100914,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886, ECO:0000305|PubMed:30680886}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=isoepoxydon + NADP(+) = H(+) + NADPH + phyllostine;
CC Xref=Rhea:RHEA:62216, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:57783,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58349, ChEBI:CHEBI:145109, ChEBI:CHEBI:145110;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:62217;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886};
CC -!- PATHWAY: Mycotoxin biosynthesis; patulin biosynthesis.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol {ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886}.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Expression is correlated with the production of patulin
CC (PubMed:25120234). Expression is positively regulated by the secondary
CC metabolism regulator laeA (PubMed:27528575, PubMed:30100914).
CC Expression is strongly decreased with increased sucrose concentrations.
CC This decrease is lost in the presence of malic acid (PubMed:30100914).
CC Expression is increased with pH changes from 2.5 to 3.5 in the presence
CC of a limiting concentration of sucrose, 50 mM (PubMed:30100914).
CC Natural phenols present in apple fruits such as chlorogenic acid or the
CC flavonoid epicatechin modulate patulin biosynthesis. They increase
CC expression in the absence of sucrose, have little impact in the
CC presence of 15 mM sucrose, and decrease expression in 175 mM sucrose
CC (PubMed:30100914). Expression is positively regulated by the patulin
CC cluster-specific transcription factor patL (PubMed:25625822). Finally,
CC expression is also positively regulated by the velvet family proteins
CC transcription regulators veA, velB, velC, but not vosA
CC (PubMed:30680886). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25120234,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25625822, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27528575,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:30100914, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886}.
CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: Strongly reduces the production of patulin, shows
CC significant slower colony expansion, and leads to the production of a
CC distinct dark-red pigment. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:30680886}.
CC -!- BIOTECHNOLOGY: Patulin was originally used as an antibiotic and
CC specifically trialed to be used against the common cold, but it is no
CC longer used for that purpose since it has been shown to induce
CC immunological, neurological and gastrointestinal effects
CC (PubMed:15082620). Genotoxic effects of patulin with dose-dependent
CC increase in DNA strand breaks in brain, liver and kidneys have been
CC detected in mice (PubMed:22222931). However, more recently, it has been
CC proposed that patulin might also have anti-tumor properties
CC (PubMed:26619846). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15082620,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:22222931, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26619846}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR)
CC family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR EMBL; KF899892; AIG62141.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; JQFZ01000262; KGO52636.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR RefSeq; XP_016595366.1; XM_016745553.1.
DR AlphaFoldDB; A0A075TRB3; -.
DR SMR; A0A075TRB3; -.
DR EnsemblFungi; KGO43540; KGO43540; PEXP_094410.
DR EnsemblFungi; KGO52636; KGO52636; PEX2_082830.
DR EnsemblFungi; KGO61369; KGO61369; PEX1_005160.
DR GeneID; 27680973; -.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_010194_1_2_1; -.
DR OrthoDB; 1194344at2759; -.
DR PhylomeDB; A0A075TRB3; -.
DR UniPathway; UPA00918; -.
DR PHI-base; PHI:3301; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000030143; Unassembled WGS sequence.
DR GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; IDA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0016491; F:oxidoreductase activity; IDA:GO_Central.
DR GO; GO:0140723; P:patulin biosynthetic process; IMP:GO_Central.
DR InterPro; IPR036291; NAD(P)-bd_dom_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR002347; SDR_fam.
DR PRINTS; PR00081; GDHRDH.
DR SUPFAM; SSF51735; SSF51735; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Cytoplasm; NAD; NADP; Oxidoreductase; Reference proteome.
FT CHAIN 1..259
FT /note="Isoepoxydon dehydrogenase patN"
FT /id="PRO_0000445928"
FT ACT_SITE 158
FT /note="Proton acceptor"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU10001"
FT BINDING 13..21
FT /ligand="NAD(+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:57540"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q92506"
FT BINDING 40..41
FT /ligand="NAD(+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:57540"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q92506"
FT BINDING 68..70
FT /ligand="NAD(+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:57540"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q92506"
FT BINDING 158..162
FT /ligand="NAD(+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:57540"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q92506"
FT BINDING 191..193
FT /ligand="NAD(+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:57540"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q92506"
SQ SEQUENCE 259 AA; 28033 MW; 92A8D4E0D19F05D1 CRC64;
MVLTTGLKGA HVLITGGTRG MGEAMVHKFL QEEANVSYCA RTVTNTEYDD FYSTLAEGNT
ARAVGTAFDV ASKDSLVKWV ESSAERLGRI DVIIANASPM HMEGETEHWE SSFAIDVMGF
VELVKAATPY LEKSPQASII VQSSFMGREF YRSPPAAYGP CKAAQLQHVQ ELSHFLGPKG
IRVNAISPGP VLCKGGPWEL YSKINPEWVE EQRLKIPLKR LGGPTEVANV AVFLASPLAS
FVSGTNMLVD GGIHVGTQF
