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PLD6_CANLF
ID   PLD6_CANLF              Reviewed;         254 AA.
AC   E2RD63;
DT   03-MAY-2011, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   30-NOV-2010, sequence version 1.
DT   03-AUG-2022, entry version 54.
DE   RecName: Full=Mitochondrial cardiolipin hydrolase;
DE            EC=3.1.-.- {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9};
DE   AltName: Full=Choline phosphatase 6;
DE   AltName: Full=Mitochondrial phospholipase {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8};
DE            Short=MitoPLD {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8};
DE            EC=3.1.4.- {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8};
DE   AltName: Full=Phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D6;
DE   AltName: Full=Phospholipase D6;
DE            Short=PLD 6;
GN   Name=PLD6;
OS   Canis lupus familiaris (Dog) (Canis familiaris).
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC   Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Carnivora; Caniformia; Canidae; Canis.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=9615;
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC   STRAIN=Boxer;
RX   PubMed=16341006; DOI=10.1038/nature04338;
RA   Lindblad-Toh K., Wade C.M., Mikkelsen T.S., Karlsson E.K., Jaffe D.B.,
RA   Kamal M., Clamp M., Chang J.L., Kulbokas E.J. III, Zody M.C., Mauceli E.,
RA   Xie X., Breen M., Wayne R.K., Ostrander E.A., Ponting C.P., Galibert F.,
RA   Smith D.R., deJong P.J., Kirkness E.F., Alvarez P., Biagi T., Brockman W.,
RA   Butler J., Chin C.-W., Cook A., Cuff J., Daly M.J., DeCaprio D., Gnerre S.,
RA   Grabherr M., Kellis M., Kleber M., Bardeleben C., Goodstadt L., Heger A.,
RA   Hitte C., Kim L., Koepfli K.-P., Parker H.G., Pollinger J.P.,
RA   Searle S.M.J., Sutter N.B., Thomas R., Webber C., Baldwin J., Abebe A.,
RA   Abouelleil A., Aftuck L., Ait-Zahra M., Aldredge T., Allen N., An P.,
RA   Anderson S., Antoine C., Arachchi H., Aslam A., Ayotte L., Bachantsang P.,
RA   Barry A., Bayul T., Benamara M., Berlin A., Bessette D., Blitshteyn B.,
RA   Bloom T., Blye J., Boguslavskiy L., Bonnet C., Boukhgalter B., Brown A.,
RA   Cahill P., Calixte N., Camarata J., Cheshatsang Y., Chu J., Citroen M.,
RA   Collymore A., Cooke P., Dawoe T., Daza R., Decktor K., DeGray S.,
RA   Dhargay N., Dooley K., Dooley K., Dorje P., Dorjee K., Dorris L.,
RA   Duffey N., Dupes A., Egbiremolen O., Elong R., Falk J., Farina A., Faro S.,
RA   Ferguson D., Ferreira P., Fisher S., FitzGerald M., Foley K., Foley C.,
RA   Franke A., Friedrich D., Gage D., Garber M., Gearin G., Giannoukos G.,
RA   Goode T., Goyette A., Graham J., Grandbois E., Gyaltsen K., Hafez N.,
RA   Hagopian D., Hagos B., Hall J., Healy C., Hegarty R., Honan T., Horn A.,
RA   Houde N., Hughes L., Hunnicutt L., Husby M., Jester B., Jones C., Kamat A.,
RA   Kanga B., Kells C., Khazanovich D., Kieu A.C., Kisner P., Kumar M.,
RA   Lance K., Landers T., Lara M., Lee W., Leger J.-P., Lennon N., Leuper L.,
RA   LeVine S., Liu J., Liu X., Lokyitsang Y., Lokyitsang T., Lui A.,
RA   Macdonald J., Major J., Marabella R., Maru K., Matthews C., McDonough S.,
RA   Mehta T., Meldrim J., Melnikov A., Meneus L., Mihalev A., Mihova T.,
RA   Miller K., Mittelman R., Mlenga V., Mulrain L., Munson G., Navidi A.,
RA   Naylor J., Nguyen T., Nguyen N., Nguyen C., Nguyen T., Nicol R., Norbu N.,
RA   Norbu C., Novod N., Nyima T., Olandt P., O'Neill B., O'Neill K., Osman S.,
RA   Oyono L., Patti C., Perrin D., Phunkhang P., Pierre F., Priest M.,
RA   Rachupka A., Raghuraman S., Rameau R., Ray V., Raymond C., Rege F.,
RA   Rise C., Rogers J., Rogov P., Sahalie J., Settipalli S., Sharpe T.,
RA   Shea T., Sheehan M., Sherpa N., Shi J., Shih D., Sloan J., Smith C.,
RA   Sparrow T., Stalker J., Stange-Thomann N., Stavropoulos S., Stone C.,
RA   Stone S., Sykes S., Tchuinga P., Tenzing P., Tesfaye S., Thoulutsang D.,
RA   Thoulutsang Y., Topham K., Topping I., Tsamla T., Vassiliev H.,
RA   Venkataraman V., Vo A., Wangchuk T., Wangdi T., Weiand M., Wilkinson J.,
RA   Wilson A., Yadav S., Yang S., Yang X., Young G., Yu Q., Zainoun J.,
RA   Zembek L., Zimmer A., Lander E.S.;
RT   "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the
RT   domestic dog.";
RL   Nature 438:803-819(2005).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Presents phospholipase and nuclease activities, depending on
CC       the different physiological conditions. Interaction with Mitoguardin
CC       (MIGA1 or MIGA2) affects the dimer conformation, facilitating the
CC       lipase activity over the nuclease activity. Plays a key role in
CC       mitochondrial fusion and fission via its phospholipase activity. In its
CC       phospholipase role, it uses the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin as
CC       substrate to generate phosphatidate (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-
CC       phosphate), a second messenger signaling lipid. Production of PA
CC       facilitates Mitofusin-mediated fusion, whereas the cleavage of PA by
CC       the Lipin family of phosphatases produces diacylgycerol (DAG) which
CC       promotes mitochondrial fission. Both Lipin and DAG regulate
CC       mitochondrial dynamics and membrane fusion/fission, important processes
CC       for adapting mitochondrial metabolism to changes in cell physiology.
CC       Mitochondrial fusion enables cells to cope with the increased
CC       nucleotide demand during DNA synthesis (By similarity). Mitochondrial
CC       function and dynamics are closely associated with biological processes
CC       such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Mediator of
CC       MYC activity, promotes mitochondrial fusion and activates AMPK which in
CC       turn inhibits YAP/TAZ, thereby inducing cell growth and proliferation.
CC       The endonuclease activity plays a critical role in PIWI-interacting RNA
CC       (piRNA) biogenesis during spermatogenesis. Implicated in
CC       spermatogenesis and sperm fertility in testicular germ cells, its
CC       single strand-specific nuclease activity is critical for the
CC       biogenesis/maturation of PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA). MOV10L1
CC       selectively binds to piRNA precursors and funnels them to the
CC       endonuclease that catalyzes the first cleavage step of piRNA processing
CC       to generate piRNA intermediate fragments that are subsequently loaded
CC       to Piwi proteins. Cleaves either DNA or RNA substrates with similar
CC       affinity, producing a 5' phosphate end, in this way it participates in
CC       the processing of primary piRNA transcripts. piRNAs provide essential
CC       protection against the activity of mobile genetic elements. piRNA-
CC       mediated transposon silencing is thus critical for maintaining genome
CC       stability, in particular in germline cells when transposons are
CC       mobilized as a consequence of wide-spread genomic demethylation. PA may
CC       act as signaling molecule in the recognition/transport of the precursor
CC       RNAs of primary piRNAs. Interacts with tesmin in testes, suggesting a
CC       role in spermatogenesis via association with its interacting partner
CC       (By similarity). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9,
CC       ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8}.
CC   -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC       Reaction=a cardiolipin + H2O = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-
CC         glycerol) + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H(+);
CC         Xref=Rhea:RHEA:44884, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378,
CC         ChEBI:CHEBI:58608, ChEBI:CHEBI:62237, ChEBI:CHEBI:64716;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8};
CC       PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:44885;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8};
CC   -!- ACTIVITY REGULATION: Single stranded DNA (ssDNA) hydrolase activity
CC       does not depend upon, but is stimulated by the presence of Ca(2+) and
CC       Mn(2+) (By similarity). MIGA1 and MIGA2 increase PLD6 self-association
CC       affinity and affects the homodimer conformation facilitating its
CC       phospholipase activity over the nuclease activity. MYC induces its
CC       expression and stimulates its phospholipase activity (By similarity).
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8}.
CC   -!- SUBUNIT: Homodimer (By similarity). Interacts with MOV10L1. Interacts
CC       with MIGA1 and MIGA2; possibly facilitating homodimer formation (By
CC       similarity). Interacts with GK2 (By similarity).
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8}.
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion outer membrane
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9}; Single-pass membrane protein
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9}. Nucleus membrane
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9}. Cell membrane
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9}. Golgi apparatus
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9}. Note=Localization in the mitochondrial
CC       outer membrane is found in different cell types where phospholipase was
CC       the predominant activity, however, in pachytene spermatocytes and
CC       spermatids of mouse testes where nuclease activity is predominant,
CC       localization is restricted to the Golgi, suggesting this enzyme is
CC       localized in different subcellular compartments depending on the role
CC       (phospholipase or nuclease) it needs to play in each cell type and
CC       developmental stage. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9}.
CC   -!- DOMAIN: In contrast to other members of the phospholipase D family,
CC       contains only one PLD phosphodiesterase domain, suggesting that it has
CC       a single half-catalytic and requires homodimerization to form a
CC       complete active site. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q8N2A8}.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the phospholipase D family. MitoPLD/Zucchini
CC       subfamily. {ECO:0000305}.
CC   -!- CAUTION: Evidence for subcellular location in the Golgi was determined
CC       in pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids in mouse testes. They observe
CC       that the ectopically expressed PLD6 protein was localized to the
CC       mitochondria in PLD6-transfected cells. Authors claim a possible
CC       explanation for the contradictory results is that previous studies have
CC       reported the localization of exogenous PLD6, but not endogenous PLD6,
CC       in cultured cells. The reason for differences observed in subcellular
CC       localization of exogenous and endogenous PLD6 is not clear but one
CC       attributable reason may be that different types of anti-PLD6 antibodies
CC       have been used in previous studies. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q5SWZ9}.
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DR   AlphaFoldDB; E2RD63; -.
DR   SMR; E2RD63; -.
DR   STRING; 9612.ENSCAFP00000027279; -.
DR   PaxDb; E2RD63; -.
DR   eggNOG; ENOG502RXG9; Eukaryota.
DR   HOGENOM; CLU_080814_0_1_1; -.
DR   InParanoid; E2RD63; -.
DR   OMA; QPFIKEF; -.
DR   TreeFam; TF332817; -.
DR   Proteomes; UP000002254; Unplaced.
DR   GO; GO:0005794; C:Golgi apparatus; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0016021; C:integral component of membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0005741; C:mitochondrial outer membrane; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0005739; C:mitochondrion; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0031965; C:nuclear membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0005886; C:plasma membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0035755; F:cardiolipin hydrolase activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0016891; F:endoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0046872; F:metal ion binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0042803; F:protein homodimerization activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0043046; P:DNA methylation involved in gamete generation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0016042; P:lipid catabolic process; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0051321; P:meiotic cell cycle; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0008053; P:mitochondrial fusion; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0030719; P:P granule organization; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0034587; P:piRNA metabolic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:0007286; P:spermatid development; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR   InterPro; IPR025202; PLD-like_dom.
DR   InterPro; IPR001736; PLipase_D/transphosphatidylase.
DR   Pfam; PF13091; PLDc_2; 1.
DR   SMART; SM00155; PLDc; 1.
DR   PROSITE; PS50035; PLD; 1.
PE   3: Inferred from homology;
KW   Cell membrane; Differentiation; Endonuclease; Golgi apparatus; Hydrolase;
KW   Lipid degradation; Lipid metabolism; Meiosis; Membrane; Metal-binding;
KW   Mitochondrion; Mitochondrion outer membrane; Nuclease; Nucleus;
KW   Reference proteome; Spermatogenesis; Transmembrane; Transmembrane helix;
KW   Zinc; Zinc-finger.
FT   CHAIN           1..254
FT                   /note="Mitochondrial cardiolipin hydrolase"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000408333"
FT   TOPO_DOM        1..9
FT                   /note="Mitochondrial intermembrane"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT   TRANSMEM        10..32
FT                   /note="Helical"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT   TOPO_DOM        33..254
FT                   /note="Cytoplasmic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT   DOMAIN          155..182
FT                   /note="PLD phosphodiesterase"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00153"
FT   ZN_FING         49..82
FT                   /note="C3H1-type; atypical"
FT   REGION          1..43
FT                   /note="Required for mitochondrial localization"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250"
FT   ACT_SITE        160
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00153"
FT   ACT_SITE        162
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00153"
FT   ACT_SITE        167
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00153"
SQ   SEQUENCE   254 AA;  28565 MW;  E93711B801BF883E CRC64;
     MERFRWQVAA VAAVGLALAL EALPSVLCWL RAGRRQQQRP PRRQVLFFPS QVTCTEALLQ
     APGEAPSGPP AGCRCSLPHG ESSLSRLLRA LLAARASLEL CLFAFSSPQL GRAVQLLHQR
     GVRVRVITDC DYMALNGSQI GLLRKAGIQV RHDQDLGYMH HKFAIVDKKV LITGSLNWTT
     QAIQNNRENV LIMEDEEYVR LFLEEFERIW EEFNPTKYTF FPQKKTGTSL PPQVSCFGQL
     VSCHSKCSHH LSQV
 
 
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