PR99C_DROME
ID PR99C_DROME Reviewed; 201 AA.
AC Q9VAF7; E1JJ16; F2FB58; Q8MZC5;
DT 15-FEB-2017, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 30-NOV-2010, sequence version 3.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 131.
DE RecName: Full=Protamine-like protein 99C {ECO:0000303|PubMed:26673329};
GN Name=Prtl99C {ECO:0000303|PubMed:26673329,
GN ECO:0000312|FlyBase:FBgn0039707};
GN ORFNames=CG15510 {ECO:0000312|FlyBase:FBgn0039707};
OS Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Arthropoda; Hexapoda; Insecta; Pterygota;
OC Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha; Ephydroidea;
OC Drosophilidae; Drosophila; Sophophora.
OX NCBI_TaxID=7227 {ECO:0000312|Proteomes:UP000000803};
RN [1] {ECO:0000312|Proteomes:UP000000803}
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=Berkeley {ECO:0000312|Proteomes:UP000000803};
RX PubMed=10731132; DOI=10.1126/science.287.5461.2185;
RA Adams M.D., Celniker S.E., Holt R.A., Evans C.A., Gocayne J.D.,
RA Amanatides P.G., Scherer S.E., Li P.W., Hoskins R.A., Galle R.F.,
RA George R.A., Lewis S.E., Richards S., Ashburner M., Henderson S.N.,
RA Sutton G.G., Wortman J.R., Yandell M.D., Zhang Q., Chen L.X., Brandon R.C.,
RA Rogers Y.-H.C., Blazej R.G., Champe M., Pfeiffer B.D., Wan K.H., Doyle C.,
RA Baxter E.G., Helt G., Nelson C.R., Miklos G.L.G., Abril J.F., Agbayani A.,
RA An H.-J., Andrews-Pfannkoch C., Baldwin D., Ballew R.M., Basu A.,
RA Baxendale J., Bayraktaroglu L., Beasley E.M., Beeson K.Y., Benos P.V.,
RA Berman B.P., Bhandari D., Bolshakov S., Borkova D., Botchan M.R., Bouck J.,
RA Brokstein P., Brottier P., Burtis K.C., Busam D.A., Butler H., Cadieu E.,
RA Center A., Chandra I., Cherry J.M., Cawley S., Dahlke C., Davenport L.B.,
RA Davies P., de Pablos B., Delcher A., Deng Z., Mays A.D., Dew I.,
RA Dietz S.M., Dodson K., Doup L.E., Downes M., Dugan-Rocha S., Dunkov B.C.,
RA Dunn P., Durbin K.J., Evangelista C.C., Ferraz C., Ferriera S.,
RA Fleischmann W., Fosler C., Gabrielian A.E., Garg N.S., Gelbart W.M.,
RA Glasser K., Glodek A., Gong F., Gorrell J.H., Gu Z., Guan P., Harris M.,
RA Harris N.L., Harvey D.A., Heiman T.J., Hernandez J.R., Houck J., Hostin D.,
RA Houston K.A., Howland T.J., Wei M.-H., Ibegwam C., Jalali M., Kalush F.,
RA Karpen G.H., Ke Z., Kennison J.A., Ketchum K.A., Kimmel B.E., Kodira C.D.,
RA Kraft C.L., Kravitz S., Kulp D., Lai Z., Lasko P., Lei Y., Levitsky A.A.,
RA Li J.H., Li Z., Liang Y., Lin X., Liu X., Mattei B., McIntosh T.C.,
RA McLeod M.P., McPherson D., Merkulov G., Milshina N.V., Mobarry C.,
RA Morris J., Moshrefi A., Mount S.M., Moy M., Murphy B., Murphy L.,
RA Muzny D.M., Nelson D.L., Nelson D.R., Nelson K.A., Nixon K., Nusskern D.R.,
RA Pacleb J.M., Palazzolo M., Pittman G.S., Pan S., Pollard J., Puri V.,
RA Reese M.G., Reinert K., Remington K., Saunders R.D.C., Scheeler F.,
RA Shen H., Shue B.C., Siden-Kiamos I., Simpson M., Skupski M.P., Smith T.J.,
RA Spier E., Spradling A.C., Stapleton M., Strong R., Sun E., Svirskas R.,
RA Tector C., Turner R., Venter E., Wang A.H., Wang X., Wang Z.-Y.,
RA Wassarman D.A., Weinstock G.M., Weissenbach J., Williams S.M., Woodage T.,
RA Worley K.C., Wu D., Yang S., Yao Q.A., Ye J., Yeh R.-F., Zaveri J.S.,
RA Zhan M., Zhang G., Zhao Q., Zheng L., Zheng X.H., Zhong F.N., Zhong W.,
RA Zhou X., Zhu S.C., Zhu X., Smith H.O., Gibbs R.A., Myers E.W., Rubin G.M.,
RA Venter J.C.;
RT "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster.";
RL Science 287:2185-2195(2000).
RN [2] {ECO:0000312|Proteomes:UP000000803}
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=Berkeley {ECO:0000312|Proteomes:UP000000803};
RX PubMed=12537572; DOI=10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0083;
RA Misra S., Crosby M.A., Mungall C.J., Matthews B.B., Campbell K.S.,
RA Hradecky P., Huang Y., Kaminker J.S., Millburn G.H., Prochnik S.E.,
RA Smith C.D., Tupy J.L., Whitfield E.J., Bayraktaroglu L., Berman B.P.,
RA Bettencourt B.R., Celniker S.E., de Grey A.D.N.J., Drysdale R.A.,
RA Harris N.L., Richter J., Russo S., Schroeder A.J., Shu S.Q., Stapleton M.,
RA Yamada C., Ashburner M., Gelbart W.M., Rubin G.M., Lewis S.E.;
RT "Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome: a systematic
RT review.";
RL Genome Biol. 3:RESEARCH0083.1-RESEARCH0083.22(2002).
RN [3] {ECO:0000312|EMBL:AAM29258.1}
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM B).
RC STRAIN=Berkeley {ECO:0000312|EMBL:AAM29258.1};
RC TISSUE=Testis {ECO:0000312|EMBL:AAM29258.1};
RX PubMed=12537569; DOI=10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0080;
RA Stapleton M., Carlson J.W., Brokstein P., Yu C., Champe M., George R.A.,
RA Guarin H., Kronmiller B., Pacleb J.M., Park S., Wan K.H., Rubin G.M.,
RA Celniker S.E.;
RT "A Drosophila full-length cDNA resource.";
RL Genome Biol. 3:RESEARCH0080.1-RESEARCH0080.8(2002).
RN [4] {ECO:0000312|EMBL:ADZ74172.1}
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM C).
RC STRAIN=Berkeley {ECO:0000312|EMBL:ADZ74172.1};
RC TISSUE=Testis {ECO:0000312|EMBL:ADZ74172.1};
RA Carlson J., Booth B., Frise E., Park S., Wan K., Yu C., Celniker S.;
RL Submitted (MAR-2011) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [5] {ECO:0000305}
RP FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, DOMAIN, AND DISRUPTION
RP PHENOTYPE.
RX PubMed=26673329; DOI=10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.023;
RA Eren-Ghiani Z., Rathke C., Theofel I., Renkawitz-Pohl R.;
RT "Prtl99C Acts Together with Protamines and Safeguards Male Fertility in
RT Drosophila.";
RL Cell Rep. 13:2327-2335(2015).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Regulates chromatin compaction in spermatid nuclei and is
CC essential for male fertility. Functions in parallel with other
CC chromatin-condensing proteins such as ProtA, ProtB and Mst77F.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26673329}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26673329}. Chromosome
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26673329}. Note=Expressed in mature sperm
CC chromatin. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26673329}.
CC -!- ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS:
CC Event=Alternative splicing; Named isoforms=2;
CC Name=B {ECO:0000312|FlyBase:FBgn0039707}; Synonyms=D
CC {ECO:0000312|FlyBase:FBgn0039707};
CC IsoId=Q9VAF7-1; Sequence=Displayed;
CC Name=C {ECO:0000312|FlyBase:FBgn0039707};
CC IsoId=Q9VAF7-2; Sequence=VSP_058761;
CC -!- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: Expressed in larva and adult male. Expression in
CC the sperm nucleus begins between the early and late canoe stages before
CC the protamines appear. Highly expressed from early spermatocyte to late
CC spermatid and persists in mature sperm. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26673329}.
CC -!- DOMAIN: The C-terminal part (169-201) is essential for male fertility
CC and correct chromatin compaction in mature sperm.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26673329}.
CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: RNAi-mediated knockdown in late spermatogonia to
CC early spermatocytes affects spermiogenesis and results in reduced male
CC fertility. Sperm nuclei are long and needle-shaped due to the
CC elongation of their chromatin region. No effect on the replacement of
CC histones by protamines in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid
CC phase of spermatogenesis. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:26673329}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the UPF0771 family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- SEQUENCE CAUTION:
CC Sequence=AAM29258.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Extended N-terminus.; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
CC Sequence=ADZ74172.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Extended N-terminus.; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
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DR EMBL; AE014297; AAF56953.3; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AE014297; ACZ95065.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AE014297; AHN57593.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AY113253; AAM29258.1; ALT_INIT; mRNA.
DR EMBL; BT126145; ADZ74172.1; ALT_INIT; mRNA.
DR RefSeq; NP_001163771.1; NM_001170300.2. [Q9VAF7-2]
DR RefSeq; NP_001287594.1; NM_001300665.1. [Q9VAF7-1]
DR RefSeq; NP_651735.3; NM_143478.3. [Q9VAF7-1]
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q9VAF7; -.
DR IntAct; Q9VAF7; 1.
DR STRING; 7227.FBpp0290959; -.
DR PaxDb; Q9VAF7; -.
DR DNASU; 43526; -.
DR EnsemblMetazoa; FBtr0301745; FBpp0290959; FBgn0039707. [Q9VAF7-1]
DR EnsemblMetazoa; FBtr0301746; FBpp0290960; FBgn0039707. [Q9VAF7-2]
DR EnsemblMetazoa; FBtr0339143; FBpp0308288; FBgn0039707. [Q9VAF7-1]
DR GeneID; 43526; -.
DR KEGG; dme:Dmel_CG15510; -.
DR UCSC; CG15510-RA; d. melanogaster. [Q9VAF7-1]
DR CTD; 43526; -.
DR FlyBase; FBgn0039707; Prtl99C.
DR VEuPathDB; VectorBase:FBgn0039707; -.
DR OMA; ESHRHAF; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q9VAF7; -.
DR BioGRID-ORCS; 43526; 0 hits in 1 CRISPR screen.
DR GenomeRNAi; 43526; -.
DR PRO; PR:Q9VAF7; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000000803; Chromosome 3R.
DR Bgee; FBgn0039707; Expressed in testis and 11 other tissues.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q9VAF7; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; E1JJ16; DM.
DR GO; GO:0005694; C:chromosome; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; IDA:FlyBase.
DR GO; GO:0003677; F:DNA binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0030261; P:chromosome condensation; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0035092; P:sperm DNA condensation; IMP:FlyBase.
DR InterPro; IPR036910; HMG_box_dom_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR024460; Protamine-like.
DR Pfam; PF06382; Protamine_like; 2.
DR SUPFAM; SSF47095; SSF47095; 1.
PE 2: Evidence at transcript level;
KW Alternative splicing; Chromosome; Differentiation; DNA condensation;
KW DNA-binding; Nucleus; Reference proteome; Spermatogenesis.
FT CHAIN 1..201
FT /note="Protamine-like protein 99C"
FT /id="PRO_0000438920"
FT REGION 93..143
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 120..139
FT /note="Basic residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT VAR_SEQ 70..77
FT /note="Missing (in isoform C)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
FT /id="VSP_058761"
FT CONFLICT 166
FT /note="R -> P (in Ref. 4; ADZ74172)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305"
SQ SEQUENCE 201 AA; 23554 MW; F0F36A821581BF71 CRC64;
MGRKRGRKEY CPPIYKRQKV ARVTNNGYLN FMTEYKKRFY GLSPQDMVHY AAKQWTQLSM
AEKEAFKSKK PSTITLKSPA QYVACEMKSD VAGGQQSSCQ RQSPSARLRE SERRSSRSKT
LCRSAKNRQR GKPKPQQSKR RLSHMGSAVA YIHFLRKFQR KNTELRTIDL LKTATRLWCR
LPERHRHAFE RPLWIVTIGK S
