SPT_ARATH
ID SPT_ARATH Reviewed; 373 AA.
AC Q9FUA4; O23192; Q0WP18;
DT 22-NOV-2005, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 01-MAR-2001, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 125.
DE RecName: Full=Transcription factor SPATULA;
DE AltName: Full=Basic helix-loop-helix protein 24;
DE Short=AtbHLH24;
DE Short=bHLH 24;
DE AltName: Full=Transcription factor EN 99;
DE AltName: Full=bHLH transcription factor bHLH024;
GN Name=SPT; Synonyms=BHLH24, EN99; OrderedLocusNames=At4g36930;
GN ORFNames=AP22.25, C7A10.430;
OS Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis.
OX NCBI_TaxID=3702;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], INDUCTION, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE, TISSUE
RP SPECIFICITY, AND MUTAGENESIS OF ARG-209.
RC STRAIN=cv. Landsberg erecta;
RX PubMed=11245574; DOI=10.1242/dev.128.7.1089;
RA Heisler M.G.B., Atkinson A., Bylstra Y.H., Walsh R., Smyth D.R.;
RT "SPATULA, a gene that controls development of carpel margin tissues in
RT Arabidopsis, encodes a bHLH protein.";
RL Development 128:1089-1098(2001).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=9461215; DOI=10.1038/35140;
RA Bevan M., Bancroft I., Bent E., Love K., Goodman H.M., Dean C.,
RA Bergkamp R., Dirkse W., van Staveren M., Stiekema W., Drost L., Ridley P.,
RA Hudson S.-A., Patel K., Murphy G., Piffanelli P., Wedler H., Wedler E.,
RA Wambutt R., Weitzenegger T., Pohl T., Terryn N., Gielen J., Villarroel R.,
RA De Clercq R., van Montagu M., Lecharny A., Aubourg S., Gy I., Kreis M.,
RA Lao N., Kavanagh T., Hempel S., Kotter P., Entian K.-D., Rieger M.,
RA Schaefer M., Funk B., Mueller-Auer S., Silvey M., James R., Monfort A.,
RA Pons A., Puigdomenech P., Douka A., Voukelatou E., Milioni D.,
RA Hatzopoulos P., Piravandi E., Obermaier B., Hilbert H., Duesterhoeft A.,
RA Moores T., Jones J.D.G., Eneva T., Palme K., Benes V., Rechmann S.,
RA Ansorge W., Cooke R., Berger C., Delseny M., Voet M., Volckaert G.,
RA Mewes H.-W., Klosterman S., Schueller C., Chalwatzis N.;
RT "Analysis of 1.9 Mb of contiguous sequence from chromosome 4 of Arabidopsis
RT thaliana.";
RL Nature 391:485-488(1998).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=10617198; DOI=10.1038/47134;
RA Mayer K.F.X., Schueller C., Wambutt R., Murphy G., Volckaert G., Pohl T.,
RA Duesterhoeft A., Stiekema W., Entian K.-D., Terryn N., Harris B.,
RA Ansorge W., Brandt P., Grivell L.A., Rieger M., Weichselgartner M.,
RA de Simone V., Obermaier B., Mache R., Mueller M., Kreis M., Delseny M.,
RA Puigdomenech P., Watson M., Schmidtheini T., Reichert B., Portetelle D.,
RA Perez-Alonso M., Boutry M., Bancroft I., Vos P., Hoheisel J.,
RA Zimmermann W., Wedler H., Ridley P., Langham S.-A., McCullagh B.,
RA Bilham L., Robben J., van der Schueren J., Grymonprez B., Chuang Y.-J.,
RA Vandenbussche F., Braeken M., Weltjens I., Voet M., Bastiaens I., Aert R.,
RA Defoor E., Weitzenegger T., Bothe G., Ramsperger U., Hilbert H., Braun M.,
RA Holzer E., Brandt A., Peters S., van Staveren M., Dirkse W., Mooijman P.,
RA Klein Lankhorst R., Rose M., Hauf J., Koetter P., Berneiser S., Hempel S.,
RA Feldpausch M., Lamberth S., Van den Daele H., De Keyser A., Buysshaert C.,
RA Gielen J., Villarroel R., De Clercq R., van Montagu M., Rogers J.,
RA Cronin A., Quail M.A., Bray-Allen S., Clark L., Doggett J., Hall S.,
RA Kay M., Lennard N., McLay K., Mayes R., Pettett A., Rajandream M.A.,
RA Lyne M., Benes V., Rechmann S., Borkova D., Bloecker H., Scharfe M.,
RA Grimm M., Loehnert T.-H., Dose S., de Haan M., Maarse A.C., Schaefer M.,
RA Mueller-Auer S., Gabel C., Fuchs M., Fartmann B., Granderath K., Dauner D.,
RA Herzl A., Neumann S., Argiriou A., Vitale D., Liguori R., Piravandi E.,
RA Massenet O., Quigley F., Clabauld G., Muendlein A., Felber R., Schnabl S.,
RA Hiller R., Schmidt W., Lecharny A., Aubourg S., Chefdor F., Cooke R.,
RA Berger C., Monfort A., Casacuberta E., Gibbons T., Weber N., Vandenbol M.,
RA Bargues M., Terol J., Torres A., Perez-Perez A., Purnelle B., Bent E.,
RA Johnson S., Tacon D., Jesse T., Heijnen L., Schwarz S., Scholler P.,
RA Heber S., Francs P., Bielke C., Frishman D., Haase D., Lemcke K.,
RA Mewes H.-W., Stocker S., Zaccaria P., Bevan M., Wilson R.K.,
RA de la Bastide M., Habermann K., Parnell L., Dedhia N., Gnoj L., Schutz K.,
RA Huang E., Spiegel L., Sekhon M., Murray J., Sheet P., Cordes M.,
RA Abu-Threideh J., Stoneking T., Kalicki J., Graves T., Harmon G.,
RA Edwards J., Latreille P., Courtney L., Cloud J., Abbott A., Scott K.,
RA Johnson D., Minx P., Bentley D., Fulton B., Miller N., Greco T., Kemp K.,
RA Kramer J., Fulton L., Mardis E., Dante M., Pepin K., Hillier L.W.,
RA Nelson J., Spieth J., Ryan E., Andrews S., Geisel C., Layman D., Du H.,
RA Ali J., Berghoff A., Jones K., Drone K., Cotton M., Joshu C., Antonoiu B.,
RA Zidanic M., Strong C., Sun H., Lamar B., Yordan C., Ma P., Zhong J.,
RA Preston R., Vil D., Shekher M., Matero A., Shah R., Swaby I.K.,
RA O'Shaughnessy A., Rodriguez M., Hoffman J., Till S., Granat S., Shohdy N.,
RA Hasegawa A., Hameed A., Lodhi M., Johnson A., Chen E., Marra M.A.,
RA Martienssen R., McCombie W.R.;
RT "Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Nature 402:769-777(1999).
RN [4]
RP GENOME REANNOTATION.
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RX PubMed=27862469; DOI=10.1111/tpj.13415;
RA Cheng C.Y., Krishnakumar V., Chan A.P., Thibaud-Nissen F., Schobel S.,
RA Town C.D.;
RT "Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference
RT genome.";
RL Plant J. 89:789-804(2017).
RN [5]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RA Totoki Y., Seki M., Ishida J., Nakajima M., Enju A., Kamiya A.,
RA Narusaka M., Shin-i T., Nakagawa M., Sakamoto N., Oishi K., Kohara Y.,
RA Kobayashi M., Toyoda A., Sakaki Y., Sakurai T., Iida K., Akiyama K.,
RA Satou M., Toyoda T., Konagaya A., Carninci P., Kawai J., Hayashizaki Y.,
RA Shinozaki K.;
RT "Large-scale analysis of RIKEN Arabidopsis full-length (RAFL) cDNAs.";
RL Submitted (JUL-2006) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [6]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC STRAIN=cv. Columbia;
RA Quinitio C., Chen H., Kim C.J., Shinn P., Ecker J.R.;
RT "Arabidopsis ORF clones.";
RL Submitted (AUG-2006) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [7]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=10225997; DOI=10.1242/dev.126.11.2377;
RA Alvarez J., Smyth D.R.;
RT "CRABS CLAW and SPATULA, two Arabidopsis genes that control carpel
RT development in parallel with AGAMOUS.";
RL Development 126:2377-2386(1999).
RN [8]
RP FUNCTION.
RX AGRICOLA=IND23265209; DOI=10.1086/324178;
RA Alvarez J., Smyth D.R.;
RT "CRABS CLAW and SPATULA genes regulate growth and pattern formation during
RT gynoecium development in Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Int. J. Plant Sci. 163:17-41(2002).
RN [9]
RP GENE FAMILY, AND NOMENCLATURE.
RX PubMed=12679534; DOI=10.1093/molbev/msg088;
RA Heim M.A., Jakoby M., Werber M., Martin C., Weisshaar B., Bailey P.C.;
RT "The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family in plants: a
RT genome-wide study of protein structure and functional diversity.";
RL Mol. Biol. Evol. 20:735-747(2003).
RN [10]
RP GENE FAMILY.
RX PubMed=12897250; DOI=10.1105/tpc.013839;
RA Toledo-Ortiz G., Huq E., Quail P.H.;
RT "The Arabidopsis basic/helix-loop-helix transcription factor family.";
RL Plant Cell 15:1749-1770(2003).
RN [11]
RP GENE FAMILY, AND NOMENCLATURE.
RX PubMed=14600211; DOI=10.1105/tpc.151140;
RA Bailey P.C., Martin C., Toledo-Ortiz G., Quail P.H., Huq E., Heim M.A.,
RA Jakoby M., Werber M., Weisshaar B.;
RT "Update on the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene family in
RT Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Plant Cell 15:2497-2502(2003).
RN [12]
RP INTERACTION WITH HEC1; HEC2 AND HEC3.
RX PubMed=17855426; DOI=10.1242/dev.011510;
RA Gremski K., Ditta G., Yanofsky M.F.;
RT "The HECATE genes regulate female reproductive tract development in
RT Arabidopsis thaliana.";
RL Development 134:3593-3601(2007).
RN [13]
RP INTERACTION WITH RGL2 AND RGA.
RC STRAIN=cv. Landsberg erecta;
RX PubMed=20093430; DOI=10.1093/molbev/msq012;
RA Gallego-Bartolome J., Minguet E.G., Marin J.A., Prat S., Blazquez M.A.,
RA Alabadi D.;
RT "Transcriptional diversification and functional conservation between DELLA
RT proteins in Arabidopsis.";
RL Mol. Biol. Evol. 27:1247-1256(2010).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Transcription factor that plays a role in floral
CC organogenesis. Promotes the growth of carpel margins and of pollen
CC tract tissues derived from them. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10225997,
CC ECO:0000269|Ref.8}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Homodimer (Probable). Interacts with HEC1, HEC2 AND HEC3.
CC Binds to RGL2 and RGA. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17855426,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:20093430, ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- INTERACTION:
CC Q9FUA4; Q9SKK0: EBF1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-401198;
CC Q9FUA4; Q9FYK5: ESR2; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-1536925;
CC Q9FUA4; Q39103: GA3OX1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-4426378;
CC Q9FUA4; Q9LQT8: GAI; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-963606;
CC Q9FUA4; A0A2H1ZEF6: IAA15; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-25524519;
CC Q9FUA4; O24407: IAA16; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-632231;
CC Q9FUA4; O24409: IAA19; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-632257;
CC Q9FUA4; Q9C5X0: IAA34; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-3946459;
CC Q9FUA4; O81313: IND; NbExp=6; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-4446992;
CC Q9FUA4; Q9FUA4: SPT; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-1536703;
CC Q9FUA4; Q9LQF0: TCP23; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-1536703, EBI-15192297;
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus {ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00981}.
CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in lateral root caps, young leaves,
CC stipules, maturing pith cells of the stem, differentiating vascular
CC cells, shoot apical meristems and flowers.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11245574}.
CC -!- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: During flower initiation, expressed in the
CC peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem. Confined to the anlagen
CC of successive flower buds yet to arise. Later expressed in abaxial and
CC adaxial sepal primordia, but not in sepals. When sepals initiate,
CC localized in the region interior to them. Within the gynoecium,
CC detected in the initiating and developing medial regions, and then in
CC the developing septum and stigma. SPT expression also occurs in sub-
CC regions of developing ovules, and in the wall and dehiscence zone of
CC the maturing fruit. As the petals develop, becomes restricted to the
CC adaxial epidermis. In stamen expression increase in the vicinity of the
CC archesporial cells and in cells undergoing divisions to produce
CC sporogenous and secondary parietal cells of the anther locules.
CC Expressed in the tapetum and microspore mother cells until the
CC initiation of meiosis. Also detected in stomium and filaments.
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11245574}.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Down-regulated by the A class gene AP2 in the first whorl
CC and by ARF3/ETT in gynoecium. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11245574}.
CC -!- SEQUENCE CAUTION:
CC Sequence=CAB16798.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
CC Sequence=CAB80359.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
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DR EMBL; AF319540; AAG33640.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; Z99707; CAB16798.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AL161590; CAB80359.1; ALT_SEQ; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; CP002687; AEE86720.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR EMBL; AK229267; BAF01131.1; -; mRNA.
DR EMBL; BT026462; ABH04569.1; -; mRNA.
DR PIR; B85436; B85436.
DR RefSeq; NP_568010.1; NM_119857.3.
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q9FUA4; -.
DR SMR; Q9FUA4; -.
DR BioGRID; 15128; 17.
DR IntAct; Q9FUA4; 13.
DR STRING; 3702.AT4G36930.1; -.
DR PaxDb; Q9FUA4; -.
DR PRIDE; Q9FUA4; -.
DR ProteomicsDB; 228406; -.
DR EnsemblPlants; AT4G36930.1; AT4G36930.1; AT4G36930.
DR GeneID; 829847; -.
DR Gramene; AT4G36930.1; AT4G36930.1; AT4G36930.
DR KEGG; ath:AT4G36930; -.
DR Araport; AT4G36930; -.
DR TAIR; locus:2115080; AT4G36930.
DR eggNOG; ENOG502QVNY; Eukaryota.
DR HOGENOM; CLU_049108_0_0_1; -.
DR InParanoid; Q9FUA4; -.
DR OMA; QIRPPEA; -.
DR OrthoDB; 1156551at2759; -.
DR PhylomeDB; Q9FUA4; -.
DR PRO; PR:Q9FUA4; -.
DR Proteomes; UP000006548; Chromosome 4.
DR ExpressionAtlas; Q9FUA4; baseline and differential.
DR Genevisible; Q9FUA4; AT.
DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; IDA:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0003700; F:DNA-binding transcription factor activity; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0042802; F:identical protein binding; IPI:IntAct.
DR GO; GO:0046983; F:protein dimerization activity; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0000976; F:transcription cis-regulatory region binding; IPI:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0048440; P:carpel development; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0007623; P:circadian rhythm; IEP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0010154; P:fruit development; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0010187; P:negative regulation of seed germination; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0009409; P:response to cold; IMP:TAIR.
DR GO; GO:0010114; P:response to red light; IMP:TAIR.
DR Gene3D; 4.10.280.10; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR031066; bHLH_ALC-like_plant.
DR InterPro; IPR011598; bHLH_dom.
DR InterPro; IPR036638; HLH_DNA-bd_sf.
DR PANTHER; PTHR45855; PTHR45855; 1.
DR Pfam; PF00010; HLH; 1.
DR SMART; SM00353; HLH; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF47459; SSF47459; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS50888; BHLH; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Developmental protein; DNA-binding; Nucleus; Reference proteome;
KW Transcription; Transcription regulation.
FT CHAIN 1..373
FT /note="Transcription factor SPATULA"
FT /id="PRO_0000127445"
FT DOMAIN 197..246
FT /note="bHLH"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00981"
FT REGION 1..46
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT REGION 141..210
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 1..18
FT /note="Basic and acidic residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 19..33
FT /note="Polar residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 141..160
FT /note="Polar residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT COMPBIAS 195..210
FT /note="Basic and acidic residues"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT MUTAGEN 209
FT /note="R->K: In spt-2; affected carpel fusion and abolished
FT transmitting tract production."
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:11245574"
SQ SEQUENCE 373 AA; 40298 MW; CE1FF143E15A9702 CRC64;
MISQREEREE KKQRVMGDKK LISSSSSSSV YDTRINHHLH HPPSSSDEIS QFLRHIFDRS
SPLPSYYSPA TTTTTASLIG VHGSGDPHAD NSRSLVSHHP PSDSVLMSKR VGDFSEVLIG
GGSGSAAACF GFSGGGNNNN VQGNSSGTRV SSSSVGASGN ETDEYDCESE EGGEAVVDEA
PSSKSGPSSR SSSKRCRAAE VHNLSEKRRR SRINEKMKAL QSLIPNSNKT DKASMLDEAI
EYLKQLQLQV QMLTMRNGIN LHPLCLPGTT LHPLQLSQIR PPEATNDPLL NHTNQFASTS
NAPEMINTVA SSYALEPSIR SHFGPFPLLT SPVEMSREGG LTHPRLNIGH SNANITGEQA
LFDGQPDLKD RIT
