TGFB1_CHLAE
ID TGFB1_CHLAE Reviewed; 390 AA.
AC P09533;
DT 01-JUL-1989, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 01-JUL-1989, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 135.
DE RecName: Full=Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein;
DE Contains:
DE RecName: Full=Latency-associated peptide;
DE Short=LAP;
DE Contains:
DE RecName: Full=Transforming growth factor beta-1;
DE Short=TGF-beta-1;
DE Flags: Precursor;
GN Name=TGFB1;
OS Chlorocebus aethiops (Green monkey) (Cercopithecus aethiops).
OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini;
OC Cercopithecidae; Cercopithecinae; Chlorocebus.
OX NCBI_TaxID=9534;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RX PubMed=3474130; DOI=10.1089/dna.1987.6.239;
RA Sharples K., Plowman G.D., Rose T.M., Twardzik D.R., Purchio A.F.;
RT "Cloning and sequence analysis of simian transforming growth factor-beta
RT cDNA.";
RL DNA 6:239-244(1987).
RN [2]
RP GLYCOSYLATION AT ASN-82; ASN-136 AND ASN-176.
RX PubMed=2971654; DOI=10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68207-9;
RA Purchio A.F., Cooper J.A., Brunner A.M., Lioubin M.N., Gentry L.E.,
RA Kovacina K.S., Roth R.A., Marquardt H.;
RT "Identification of mannose 6-phosphate in two asparagine-linked sugar
RT chains of recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 1 precursor.";
RL J. Biol. Chem. 263:14211-14215(1988).
RN [3]
RP PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE.
RX PubMed=3185545; DOI=10.1128/mcb.8.10.4162-4168.1988;
RA Gentry L.E., Lioubin M.N., Purchio A.F., Marquardt H.;
RT "Molecular events in the processing of recombinant type 1 pre-pro-
RT transforming growth factor beta to the mature polypeptide.";
RL Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4162-4168(1988).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of
CC the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor
CC beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active
CC subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- FUNCTION: [Latency-associated peptide]: Required to maintain the
CC Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain in a latent state
CC during storage in extracellular matrix. Associates non-covalently with
CC TGF-beta-1 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu
CC molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS, that control
CC activation of TGF-beta-1. Interaction with LRRC33/NRROS regulates
CC activation of TGF-beta-1 in macrophages and microglia. Interaction with
CC LRRC32/GARP controls activation of TGF-beta-1 on the surface of
CC activated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Interaction with integrins
CC (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8) results in distortion of the Latency-
CC associated peptide chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-
CC 1. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- FUNCTION: [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Multifunctional protein
CC that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and
CC is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune
CC function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration (By
CC similarity). Activation into mature form follows different steps:
CC following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-
CC associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-
CC beta-1) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1
CC inactive during storage in extracellular matrix. At the same time, LAP
CC chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and
CC LRRC33/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a
CC latent state during storage in extracellular milieus. TGF-beta-1 is
CC released from LAP by integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8): integrin-
CC binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie
CC tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release
CC of the active TGF-beta-1. Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-
CC beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2), which
CC transduce signal (By similarity). While expressed by many cells types,
CC TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell
CC environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-
CC associated peptide chain (LAP) and 'milieu molecules'. Plays an
CC important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of
CC osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and
CC differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Can promote either T-helper
CC 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in
CC a concentration-dependent manner. At high concentrations, leads to
CC FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17
CC expression, favoring Treg cell development. At low concentrations in
CC concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23
CC receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells (By similarity).
CC Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of
CC CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Mediates SMAD2/3
CC activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation
CC to the nucleus. Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
CC and cell migration in various cell types (By similarity).
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P04202}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with the serine
CC proteases, HTRA1 and HTRA3: the interaction with either inhibits TGFB1-
CC mediated signaling and the HTRA protease activity is required for this
CC inhibition. May interact with THSD4; this interaction may lead to
CC sequestration by FBN1 microfibril assembly and attenuation of TGFB
CC signaling. Interacts with CD109, DPT and ASPN. Interacts with EFEMP2.
CC Interacts with TSKU; the interaction contributes to regulation of the
CC hair cycle. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137,
CC ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P04202}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: [Latency-associated peptide]: Homodimer; disulfide-linked.
CC Interacts with transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain;
CC interaction is non-covalent and maintains TGF-beta-1 in a latent state;
CC each latency-associated peptide (LAP) monomer interacts with TGF-beta-1
CC in the other monomer. Interacts with LTBP1; leading to regulation of
CC TGF-beta-1 activation. Interacts with LRRC32/GARP; leading to
CC regulation of TGF-beta-1 activation on the surface of activated
CC regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Interacts with LRRC33/NRROS; leading to
CC regulation of TGF-beta-1 activation in macrophages and microglia.
CC Interacts (via cell attachment site) with integrins ITGAV and ITGB6
CC (ITGAV:ITGB6), leading to release of the active TGF-beta-1. Interacts
CC with NREP; the interaction results in a decrease in TGFB1
CC autoinduction. Interacts with HSP90AB1; inhibits latent TGFB1
CC activation. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137,
CC ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P04202}.
CC -!- SUBUNIT: [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Homodimer; disulfide-
CC linked. Interacts with TGF-beta receptors (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2), leading
CC to signal transduction. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Latency-associated peptide]: Secreted,
CC extracellular space, extracellular matrix
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Secreted
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- DOMAIN: [Latency-associated peptide]: The 'straitjacket' and 'arm'
CC domains encircle the Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1)
CC monomers and are fastened together by strong bonding between Lys-56 and
CC Tyr-103/Tyr-104. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P07200}.
CC -!- DOMAIN: [Latency-associated peptide]: The cell attachment site motif
CC mediates binding to integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8). The motif
CC locates to a long loop in the arm domain called the bowtie tail.
CC Integrin-binding stabilizes an alternative conformation of the bowtie
CC tail. Activation by integrin requires force application by the actin
CC cytoskeleton, which is resisted by the 'milieu molecules' (such as
CC LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and/or LRRC33/NRROS), resulting in distortion of the
CC prodomain and release of the active TGF-beta-1.
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- PTM: Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: The precursor
CC proprotein is cleaved in the Golgi apparatus by FURIN to form
CC Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) and Latency-associated
CC peptide (LAP) chains, which remain non-covalently linked, rendering
CC TGF-beta-1 inactive. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- PTM: [Latency-associated peptide]: N-glycosylated. Deglycosylation
CC leads to activation of Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1);
CC mechanisms triggering deglycosylation-driven activation of TGF-beta-1
CC are however unclear. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TGF-beta family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms
CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License
CC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DR EMBL; M16658; AAA35369.1; -; mRNA.
DR PIR; A26960; A26960.
DR AlphaFoldDB; P09533; -.
DR SMR; P09533; -.
DR iPTMnet; P09533; -.
DR PRO; PR:P09533; -.
DR GO; GO:0072562; C:blood microparticle; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0009986; C:cell surface; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0005576; C:extracellular region; TAS:Reactome.
DR GO; GO:0005615; C:extracellular space; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0003823; F:antigen binding; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0008083; F:growth factor activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0034713; F:type I transforming growth factor beta receptor binding; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0005114; F:type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0034714; F:type III transforming growth factor beta receptor binding; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0006754; P:ATP biosynthetic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0016477; P:cell migration; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0045216; P:cell-cell junction organization; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0071407; P:cellular response to organic cyclic compound; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0071560; P:cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0002062; P:chondrocyte differentiation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0007182; P:common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0007173; P:epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0001837; P:epithelial to mesenchymal transition; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0085029; P:extracellular matrix assembly; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0097191; P:extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0002244; P:hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0030214; P:hyaluronan catabolic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0006954; P:inflammatory response; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0031663; P:lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0000165; P:MAPK cascade; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0031293; P:membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0043537; P:negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0045786; P:negative regulation of cell cycle; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0030308; P:negative regulation of cell growth; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0008285; P:negative regulation of cell population proliferation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0022408; P:negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0050680; P:negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0045599; P:negative regulation of fat cell differentiation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010629; P:negative regulation of gene expression; ISS:BHF-UCL.
DR GO; GO:1900126; P:negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010936; P:negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0045662; P:negative regulation of myoblast differentiation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0001933; P:negative regulation of protein phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0048642; P:negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0045892; P:negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0043932; P:ossification involved in bone remodeling; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0060389; P:pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0006796; P:phosphate-containing compound metabolic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0043536; P:positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0030501; P:positive regulation of bone mineralization; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0051781; P:positive regulation of cell division; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0030335; P:positive regulation of cell migration; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0008284; P:positive regulation of cell population proliferation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0050921; P:positive regulation of chemotaxis; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0032967; P:positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010718; P:positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0070374; P:positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010763; P:positive regulation of fibroblast migration; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010628; P:positive regulation of gene expression; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0032740; P:positive regulation of interleukin-17 production; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0048298; P:positive regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0043406; P:positive regulation of MAP kinase activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0014008; P:positive regulation of microglia differentiation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:1901666; P:positive regulation of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010862; P:positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0033138; P:positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0010800; P:positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0043552; P:positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0035307; P:positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0042307; P:positive regulation of protein import into nucleus; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0051897; P:positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0051247; P:positive regulation of protein metabolic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0001934; P:positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0050714; P:positive regulation of protein secretion; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0031334; P:positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0060391; P:positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0032930; P:positive regulation of superoxide anion generation; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0045944; P:positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:2000679; P:positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0045893; P:positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0006611; P:protein export from nucleus; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0043491; P:protein kinase B signaling; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0032801; P:receptor catabolic process; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0060390; P:regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0017015; P:regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0070723; P:response to cholesterol; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0032355; P:response to estradiol; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0032570; P:response to progesterone; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0009611; P:response to wounding; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0007435; P:salivary gland morphogenesis; ISS:AgBase.
DR GO; GO:0007183; P:SMAD protein complex assembly; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR GO; GO:0007179; P:transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; ISS:UniProtKB.
DR Gene3D; 2.10.90.10; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR029034; Cystine-knot_cytokine.
DR InterPro; IPR001839; TGF-b_C.
DR InterPro; IPR001111; TGF-b_propeptide.
DR InterPro; IPR016319; TGF-beta.
DR InterPro; IPR015615; TGF-beta-rel.
DR InterPro; IPR003939; TGFb1.
DR InterPro; IPR017948; TGFb_CS.
DR PANTHER; PTHR11848; PTHR11848; 1.
DR Pfam; PF00019; TGF_beta; 1.
DR Pfam; PF00688; TGFb_propeptide; 1.
DR PIRSF; PIRSF001787; TGF-beta; 1.
DR PRINTS; PR01423; TGFBETA.
DR PRINTS; PR01424; TGFBETA1.
DR SMART; SM00204; TGFB; 1.
DR SUPFAM; SSF57501; SSF57501; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS00250; TGF_BETA_1; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS51362; TGF_BETA_2; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Cleavage on pair of basic residues; Disulfide bond; Extracellular matrix;
KW Glycoprotein; Growth factor; Mitogen; Secreted; Signal.
FT SIGNAL 1..29
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305|PubMed:3185545"
FT CHAIN 30..278
FT /note="Latency-associated peptide"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305|PubMed:3185545"
FT /id="PRO_0000033760"
FT CHAIN 279..390
FT /note="Transforming growth factor beta-1"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000305|PubMed:3185545"
FT /id="PRO_0000033761"
FT REGION 30..74
FT /note="Straightjacket domain"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P07200"
FT REGION 75..271
FT /note="Arm domain"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P07200"
FT REGION 226..252
FT /note="Bowtie tail"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT MOTIF 244..246
FT /note="Cell attachment site"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT SITE 278..279
FT /note="Cleavage; by FURIN"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT CARBOHYD 82
FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:2971654"
FT CARBOHYD 136
FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:2971654"
FT CARBOHYD 176
FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:2971654"
FT DISULFID 33
FT /note="Interchain (with C-1359 or C-1384 in LTBP1); in
FT inactive form"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P07200"
FT DISULFID 223
FT /note="Interchain (with C-225)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT DISULFID 225
FT /note="Interchain (with C-223)"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT DISULFID 285..294
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT DISULFID 293..356
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT DISULFID 322..387
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT DISULFID 326..389
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
FT DISULFID 355
FT /note="Interchain"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P01137"
SQ SEQUENCE 390 AA; 44356 MW; DFF63E2BAB44320E CRC64;
MPPSGLRLLP LLLPLLWLLV LTPSRPAAGL STCKTIDMEL VKRKRIETIR GQILSKLRLA
SPPSQGEVPP GPLPEAVLAL YNSTRDRVAG ESAEPEPEPE ADYYAKEVTR VLMVETHNEI
YDKFKQSTHS IYMFFNTSEL REAVPEPVLL SRAELRLLRL KLKVEQHVEL YQKYSNNSWR
YLSNRLLAPS NSPEWLSFDV TGVVRQWLSR GGEIEGFRLS AHCSCDSKDN TLQVDINGFT
TGRRGDLATI HGMNRPFLLL MATPLERAQH LQSSRHRRAL DTNYCFSSTE KNCCVRQLYI
DFRKDLGWKW IHEPKGYHAN FCLGPCPYIW SLDTQYSKVL ALYNQHNPGA SAAPCCVPQA
LEPLPIVYYV GRKPKVEQLS NMIVRSCKCS
