VER1_DOTSE
ID VER1_DOTSE Reviewed; 263 AA.
AC Q8TFD5;
DT 28-FEB-2018, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 01-JUN-2002, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 76.
DE RecName: Full=Versicolorin reductase 1 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:23207690};
DE Short=VER-1 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:23207690};
DE EC=1.1.-.- {ECO:0000305|PubMed:23207690};
DE AltName: Full=Dothistromin biosynthesis protein A {ECO:0000303|PubMed:12039746};
GN Name=ver1 {ECO:0000303|PubMed:23207690};
GN Synonyms=dotA {ECO:0000303|PubMed:12039746};
OS Dothistroma septosporum (Red band needle blight fungus) (Mycosphaerella
OS pini).
OC Eukaryota; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Dothideomycetes;
OC Dothideomycetidae; Mycosphaerellales; Mycosphaerellaceae; Dothistroma.
OX NCBI_TaxID=64363;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], FUNCTION, AND DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE.
RC STRAIN=NZE1 / ATCC MYA-605;
RX PubMed=12039746; DOI=10.1128/aem.68.6.2885-2892.2002;
RA Bradshaw R.E., Bhatnagar D., Ganley R.J., Gillman C.J., Monahan B.J.,
RA Seconi J.M.;
RT "Dothistroma pini, a forest pathogen, contains homologs of aflatoxin
RT biosynthetic pathway genes.";
RL Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2885-2892(2002).
RN [2]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], FUNCTION, AND INDUCTION.
RC STRAIN=NZE7;
RX PubMed=17683963; DOI=10.1016/j.fgb.2007.06.005;
RA Zhang S., Schwelm A., Jin H., Collins L.J., Bradshaw R.E.;
RT "A fragmented aflatoxin-like gene cluster in the forest pathogen
RT Dothistroma septosporum.";
RL Fungal Genet. Biol. 44:1342-1354(2007).
RN [3]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RC STRAIN=NZE1 / ATCC MYA-605;
RA Bradshaw R.E., Monahan B.J., Gillman C.J.;
RL Submitted (NOV-2009) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN [4]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=16649078; DOI=10.1007/s11046-006-0240-5;
RA Bradshaw R.E., Jin H., Morgan B.S., Schwelm A., Teddy O.R., Young C.A.,
RA Zhang S.;
RT "A polyketide synthase gene required for biosynthesis of the aflatoxin-like
RT toxin, dothistromin.";
RL Mycopathologia 161:283-294(2006).
RN [5]
RP INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=18262779; DOI=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.018;
RA Schwelm A., Barron N.J., Zhang S., Bradshaw R.E.;
RT "Early expression of aflatoxin-like dothistromin genes in the forest
RT pathogen Dothistroma septosporum.";
RL Mycol. Res. 112:138-146(2008).
RN [6]
RP SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
RX PubMed=22069539; DOI=10.3390/toxins1020173;
RA Bradshaw R.E., Feng Z., Schwelm A., Yang Y., Zhang S.;
RT "Functional analysis of a putative dothistromin toxin MFS transporter
RT gene.";
RL Toxins 1:173-187(2009).
RN [7]
RP REVIEW ON FUNCTION, AND PATHWAY.
RX PubMed=22069571; DOI=10.3390/toxins2112680;
RA Schwelm A., Bradshaw R.E.;
RT "Genetics of dothistromin biosynthesis of Dothistroma septosporum: an
RT update.";
RL Toxins 2:2680-2698(2010).
RN [8]
RP FUNCTION, INDUCTION, AND PATHWAY.
RX PubMed=23207690; DOI=10.1016/j.fgb.2012.11.006;
RA Chettri P., Ehrlich K.C., Cary J.W., Collemare J., Cox M.P.,
RA Griffiths S.A., Olson M.A., de Wit P.J., Bradshaw R.E.;
RT "Dothistromin genes at multiple separate loci are regulated by AflR.";
RL Fungal Genet. Biol. 51:12-20(2013).
RN [9]
RP FUNCTION.
RX PubMed=23448391; DOI=10.1111/nph.12161;
RA Bradshaw R.E., Slot J.C., Moore G.G., Chettri P., de Wit P.J.,
RA Ehrlich K.C., Ganley A.R., Olson M.A., Rokas A., Carbone I., Cox M.P.;
RT "Fragmentation of an aflatoxin-like gene cluster in a forest pathogen.";
RL New Phytol. 198:525-535(2013).
RN [10]
RP INDUCTION.
RX PubMed=25986547; DOI=10.1016/j.funbio.2015.01.007;
RA Chettri P., Ehrlich K.C., Bradshaw R.E.;
RT "Regulation of the aflatoxin-like toxin dothistromin by AflJ.";
RL Fungal Biol. 119:503-508(2015).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Versicolorin reductase; part of the fragmented gene cluster
CC that mediates the biosynthesis of dothistromin (DOTH), a polyketide
CC toxin very similar in structure to the aflatoxin precursor,
CC versicolorin B (PubMed:12039746, PubMed:17683963, PubMed:22069571,
CC PubMed:23207690, PubMed:23448391). The first step of the pathway is the
CC conversion of acetate to norsolorinic acid (NOR) and requires the fatty
CC acid synthase subunits hexA and hexB, as well as the polyketide
CC synthase pksA (PubMed:16649078, PubMed:23207690). PksA combines a
CC hexanoyl starter unit and 7 malonyl-CoA extender units to synthesize
CC the precursor NOR (By similarity). The hexanoyl starter unit is
CC provided to the acyl-carrier protein (ACP) domain by the fungal fatty
CC acid synthase hexA/hexB (By similarity). The second step is the
CC conversion of NOR to averantin (AVN) and requires the norsolorinic acid
CC ketoreductase nor1, which catalyzes the dehydration of norsolorinic
CC acid to form (1'S)-averantin (PubMed:23207690). The cytochrome P450
CC monooxygenase avnA then catalyzes the hydroxylation of AVN to
CC 5'hydroxyaverantin (HAVN) (PubMed:23207690). The next step is performed
CC by adhA that transforms HAVN to averufin (AVF) (PubMed:23207690).
CC Averufin might then be converted to hydroxyversicolorone by cypX and
CC avfA (PubMed:23207690). Hydroxyversicolorone is further converted
CC versiconal hemiacetal acetate (VHA) by moxY (PubMed:23207690). VHA is
CC then the substrate for the versiconal hemiacetal acetate esterase est1
CC to yield versiconal (VAL) (PubMed:23207690). Versicolorin B synthase
CC vbsA then converts VAL to versicolorin B (VERB) by closing the bisfuran
CC ring (PubMed:16649078, PubMed:23207690). Then, the activity of the
CC versicolorin B desaturase verB leads to versicolorin A (VERA)
CC (PubMed:23207690). DotB, a predicted chloroperoxidase, may perform
CC epoxidation of the A-ring of VERA (PubMed:23207690). Alternatively, a
CC cytochrome P450, such as cypX or avnA could catalyze this step
CC (PubMed:23207690). It is also possible that another, uncharacterized,
CC cytochrome P450 enzyme is responsible for this step (PubMed:23207690).
CC Opening of the epoxide could potentially be achieved by the epoxide
CC hydrolase epoA (PubMed:23207690). However, epoA seems not to be
CC required for DOTH biosynthesis, but other epoxide hydrolases may have
CC the ability to complement this hydrolysis (PubMed:23207690).
CC Alternatively, opening of the epoxide ring could be achieved non-
CC enzymatically (PubMed:23207690). The next step is the deoxygenation of
CC ring A to yield the 5,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone which is most likely
CC catalyzed by the NADPH dehydrogenase encoded by ver1 (PubMed:23207690).
CC The last stages of DOTH biosynthesis are proposed to involve
CC hydroxylation of the bisfuran (PubMed:23207690). OrdB and norB might
CC have oxidative roles here (PubMed:23207690). An alternative possibility
CC is that cytochrome P450 monoogenases such as avnA and cypX might
CC perform these steps in addition to previously proposed steps
CC (PubMed:23207690). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P50161,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:12039746, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16649078,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:22069571, ECO:0000305|PubMed:17683963,
CC ECO:0000305|PubMed:23207690, ECO:0000305|PubMed:23448391}.
CC -!- PATHWAY: Mycotoxin biosynthesis. {ECO:0000303|PubMed:22069571,
CC ECO:0000305|PubMed:23207690}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol
CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P50161}.
CC -!- INDUCTION: Expression is positively regulated by the dothistromin-
CC specific transcription factors aflR and aflJ (PubMed:23207690,
CC PubMed:25986547). Dothistromin biosynthetic proteins are co-regulated,
CC showing a high level of expression at ealy exponential phase with a
CC subsequent decline in older cultures (PubMed:17683963,
CC PubMed:18262779). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17683963,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:18262779, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23207690,
CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25986547}.
CC -!- DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: Blocks the production of dothistromin and
CC accumulates versicolorin A (PubMed:12039746).
CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12039746}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR)
CC family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR EMBL; AF448056; AAL87045.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR AlphaFoldDB; Q8TFD5; -.
DR SMR; Q8TFD5; -.
DR OMA; ITGGRNW; -.
DR GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR GO; GO:0016491; F:oxidoreductase activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR InterPro; IPR036291; NAD(P)-bd_dom_sf.
DR InterPro; IPR020904; Sc_DH/Rdtase_CS.
DR InterPro; IPR002347; SDR_fam.
DR PRINTS; PR00081; GDHRDH.
DR PRINTS; PR00080; SDRFAMILY.
DR SUPFAM; SSF51735; SSF51735; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS00061; ADH_SHORT; 1.
PE 2: Evidence at transcript level;
KW Cytoplasm; NADP; Oxidoreductase.
FT CHAIN 1..263
FT /note="Versicolorin reductase 1"
FT /id="PRO_0000443452"
FT ACT_SITE 159
FT /note="Proton acceptor"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU10001"
FT BINDING 15..43
FT /ligand="NADP(+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:58349"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P16544"
FT BINDING 163
FT /ligand="NADP(+)"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:58349"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P16544"
SQ SEQUENCE 263 AA; 27777 MW; C647E756CBDF3CB7 CRC64;
MSVDNFRLDG KVALVTGSGR GIGAAIAIEL GKRGANVVVN YSRAVAEANK VVETIIANGT
KAIAIKADVG EIDQVAKMMD QAVEHFGQLD IVSSNAGLVS FGHLKDVTGD EFDRVFRVNT
RGQFFVAREA YRHLSVGGRI ILTSSNTASI KGVPKHAIYS GSKGAIDTFV RCMAIDAGDK
KITVNAVAPG AIKTDMYAAV AREYIPGGDK FTDEQVDECA AWLSPLERVG LPADIGRVVC
FLASDAAEWV SGKILGIDGG AFR
