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XANA_EMEND
ID   XANA_EMEND              Reviewed;         370 AA.
AC   Q4QZZ9;
DT   16-JAN-2019, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   19-JUL-2005, sequence version 1.
DT   03-AUG-2022, entry version 54.
DE   RecName: Full=Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent xanthine dioxygenase xanA {ECO:0000303|PubMed:15948966};
DE            EC=1.14.11.48 {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331};
GN   Name=xanA {ECO:0000303|PubMed:15948966};
OS   Emericella nidulans (Aspergillus nidulans).
OC   Eukaryota; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Eurotiomycetes;
OC   Eurotiomycetidae; Eurotiales; Aspergillaceae; Aspergillus;
OC   Aspergillus subgen. Nidulantes.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=162425;
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY,
RP   BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND MUTAGENESIS OF ALA-167.
RC   STRAIN=Glasgow wild type;
RX   PubMed=15948966; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04686.x;
RA   Cultrone A., Scazzocchio C., Rochet M., Montero-Moran G., Drevet C.,
RA   Fernandez-Martin R.;
RT   "Convergent evolution of hydroxylation mechanisms in the fungal kingdom:
RT   molybdenum cofactor-independent hydroxylation of xanthine via alpha-
RT   ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases.";
RL   Mol. Microbiol. 57:276-290(2005).
RN   [2]
RP   FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, COFACTOR,
RP   ACTIVITY REGULATION, SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY, PHOSPHORYLATION, AND
RP   GLYCOSYLATION.
RX   PubMed=17429948; DOI=10.1021/bi700065h;
RA   Montero-Moran G.M., Li M., Rendon-Huerta E., Jourdan F., Lowe D.J.,
RA   Stumpff-Kane A.W., Feig M., Scazzocchio C., Hausinger R.P.;
RT   "Purification and characterization of the FeII- and alpha-ketoglutarate-
RT   dependent xanthine hydroxylase from Aspergillus nidulans.";
RL   Biochemistry 46:5293-5304(2007).
RN   [3]
RP   FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, COFACTOR, ACTIVITY REGULATION, SUBSTRATE
RP   SPECIFICITY, AND MUTAGENESIS OF GLN-101; LYS-122; GLU-137; ASP-138;
RP   HIS-149; ASP-151; HIS-340; GLN-356; CYS-357 AND ASN-358.
RX   PubMed=18036331; DOI=10.1016/j.abb.2007.11.002;
RA   Li M., Mueller T.A., Fraser B.A., Hausinger R.P.;
RT   "Characterization of active site variants of xanthine hydroxylase from
RT   Aspergillus nidulans.";
RL   Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 470:44-53(2008).
RN   [4]
RP   SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
RX   PubMed=24970358; DOI=10.1016/j.fgb.2014.06.005;
RA   Galanopoulou K., Scazzocchio C., Galinou M.E., Liu W., Borbolis F.,
RA   Karachaliou M., Oestreicher N., Hatzinikolaou D.G., Diallinas G.,
RA   Amillis S.;
RT   "Purine utilization proteins in the Eurotiales: cellular
RT   compartmentalization, phylogenetic conservation and divergence.";
RL   Fungal Genet. Biol. 69:96-108(2014).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent xanthine dioxygenase is a non-
CC       heme mononuclear Fe(2+) enzyme that decarboxylates alpha-ketoglutarate
CC       to succinate and CO(2) while hydroxylating xanthine to generate uric
CC       acid (PubMed:15948966, PubMed:17429948, PubMed:18036331). Allows
CC       xanthine utilization as a nitrogen source (PubMed:15948966). Whereas
CC       xanA is highly specific for xanthine, alpha-ketoadipic acid can replace
CC       alpha-ketoglutarate as a cosubstrate (PubMed:17429948). Exhibits
CC       ferroxidase activity in the absence of substrates (PubMed:18036331).
CC       {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948,
CC       ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331}.
CC   -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC       Reaction=2-oxoglutarate + O2 + xanthine = CO2 + succinate + urate;
CC         Xref=Rhea:RHEA:43120, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379, ChEBI:CHEBI:16526,
CC         ChEBI:CHEBI:16810, ChEBI:CHEBI:17712, ChEBI:CHEBI:17775,
CC         ChEBI:CHEBI:30031; EC=1.14.11.48;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948,
CC         ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331};
CC       PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:43121;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948,
CC         ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331};
CC   -!- COFACTOR:
CC       Name=Fe(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29033;
CC         Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331};
CC       Note=Binds 1 Fe(2+) ion per subunit. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610};
CC   -!- ACTIVITY REGULATION: Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) completely inhibit the xanthine
CC       dioxygenase activity, whereas Co(2+), Mn(2+), and Ni(2+) partially
CC       inhibit the activity. The inactive metal ions are presumed to compete
CC       for the Fe(2+)-binding site (PubMed:17429948). N-oxalylglycine (NOG), a
CC       known inhibitor of several Fe(2+)/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent
CC       dioxygenase family members, competes with alpha-ketoglutarate and
CC       provides a Ki of 0.12 uM for inhibition (PubMed:17429948). 6,8-
CC       dihydroxypurine acts as a slow-binding competitive inhibitor
CC       (PubMed:18036331). The thiol-specific inhibitors 5,5'-dithiobis(2-
CC       nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and iodoacetamide, inhibit also the catalytic
CC       activity (PubMed:18036331). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948,
CC       ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331}.
CC   -!- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
CC       Kinetic parameters:
CC         KM=31.1 uM for 2-oxoglutarate (at 25 degrees Celsius)
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331};
CC         KM=50.0 uM for 2-oxoglutarate (at 30 degrees Celsius)
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948};
CC         KM=45.2 uM for xanthine (at 25 degrees Celsius)
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331};
CC         KM=46.0 uM for xanthine (at 30 degrees Celsius)
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948};
CC         KM=0.16 mM for alpha-ketoadipic acid (at 25 degrees Celsius)
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948};
CC         KM=0.4 mM for 9-methylxanthine (at 25 degrees Celsius)
CC         {ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331};
CC       pH dependence:
CC         Optimum pH is 6.5 to 7.4. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966,
CC         ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948};
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytosol {ECO:0000269|PubMed:24970358}.
CC   -!- PTM: Glycosylated (PubMed:17429948). Is subject to both N- and O-linked
CC       glycosylation (PubMed:17429948). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948}.
CC   -!- PTM: Phosphorylated. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17429948}.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the TfdA dioxygenase family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR   EMBL; AJ877916; CAI47587.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   AlphaFoldDB; Q4QZZ9; -.
DR   SMR; Q4QZZ9; -.
DR   BRENDA; 1.14.11.48; 517.
DR   GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0097641; F:alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent xanthine dioxygenase activity; IEA:RHEA.
DR   GO; GO:0051213; F:dioxygenase activity; IDA:AspGD.
DR   GO; GO:0046872; F:metal ion binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0034418; P:urate biosynthetic process; IMP:AspGD.
DR   GO; GO:0009115; P:xanthine catabolic process; IDA:AspGD.
DR   Gene3D; 3.60.130.10; -; 1.
DR   InterPro; IPR042098; TauD-like_sf.
DR   InterPro; IPR003819; TauD/TfdA-like.
DR   Pfam; PF02668; TauD; 1.
PE   1: Evidence at protein level;
KW   Cytoplasm; Dioxygenase; Glycoprotein; Iron; Metal-binding; Oxidoreductase;
KW   Phosphoprotein.
FT   CHAIN           1..370
FT                   /note="Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent xanthine dioxygenase
FT                   xanA"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000446004"
FT   BINDING         107
FT                   /ligand="substrate"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610"
FT   BINDING         149
FT                   /ligand="Fe cation"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT                   /ligand_note="catalytic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610,
FT                   ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   BINDING         151
FT                   /ligand="Fe cation"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT                   /ligand_note="catalytic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610,
FT                   ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   BINDING         195
FT                   /ligand="2-oxoglutarate"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:16810"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610"
FT   BINDING         325
FT                   /ligand="2-oxoglutarate"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:16810"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610"
FT   BINDING         340
FT                   /ligand="Fe cation"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:24875"
FT                   /ligand_note="catalytic"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610,
FT                   ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   BINDING         352
FT                   /ligand="2-oxoglutarate"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:16810"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P37610"
FT   MUTAGEN         101
FT                   /note="Q->A: Leads to elevated ferroxidase activity in the
FT                   absence of substrates."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         122
FT                   /note="K->A: Affects the binding of 2-oxoglutarate."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         137
FT                   /note="E->A: Exhibits relatively enhanced activity and
FT                   affects the inhibition by 6,8-dihydroxypurine."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         138
FT                   /note="D->A: Exhibits relatively enhanced activity and
FT                   affects the inhibition by 6,8-dihydroxypurine."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         149
FT                   /note="H->A: Impairs catalytic activity."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         151
FT                   /note="D->A: Impairs catalytic activity."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         167
FT                   /note="A->D: In xanA1; impairs catalytic activity."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:15948966"
FT   MUTAGEN         340
FT                   /note="H->A: Exhibits only 0.17% of the wild-type enzyme
FT                   activity."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         356
FT                   /note="Q->A: Leads to elevated ferroxidase activity in the
FT                   absence of substrates and affects the inhibition by 6,8-
FT                   dihydroxypurine."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         357
FT                   /note="C->A: Exhibits relatively enhanced activity,
FT                   resistance to thiol-specific inhibitors such as DTNB or
FT                   iodoacetamide, and elevated ferroxidase activity in the
FT                   absence of substrates."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
FT   MUTAGEN         358
FT                   /note="N->A: Exhibits a 23-fold decrease in kcat/Km and
FT                   affects the inhibition by 6,8-dihydroxypurine."
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18036331"
SQ   SEQUENCE   370 AA;  41305 MW;  5E3A746FDBFAC33A CRC64;
     MPAITVKPLT PPAGSAIDFG AVITDVDLEH LTDGDFSTIR SALYTHLVVV LKNQHQLTPK
     AQYELTRRFD PSATQYGHGK TLDAKRSILH PDLKTIPHQP QVQVIGHGFI DSYEGLENIT
     LKHPHHRTFH RDPIPQEDDY DSTRFYRWHI DAALYGLNPP IVTTLLAVKV PGGRRQTVRY
     DDGSGETMDV PLGTTAFASG ERMFELLSEE DKEFALSSRV EYAPHPYIWM SPARSLPTGL
     GLHSDDLELP LSELPPIDES AIQILPMVWK NPATGKPALQ IHPSAVRKIH CGDGTVIDDL
     KKVREIAYKL QRPAISPQYV YAHDWEEGDL VLFHNRGVLH SVVGAFGEGE VRLFRQCNLA
     AGEGVVPYRE
 
 
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