CP181_THYVU
ID CP181_THYVU Reviewed; 496 AA.
AC P0DO42;
DT 29-SEP-2021, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT 29-SEP-2021, sequence version 1.
DT 03-AUG-2022, entry version 4.
DE RecName: Full=Cytochrome P450 71D181 {ECO:0000303|Ref.1};
DE AltName: Full=Alpha-terpinene hydroxylase {ECO:0000305|Ref.1};
DE AltName: Full=Carvacrol synthase {ECO:0000305|Ref.1};
DE EC=1.14.14.- {ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
DE AltName: Full=Carveol synthase {ECO:0000305|Ref.1};
DE EC=1.14.14.51 {ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
DE EC=1.14.14.53 {ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
DE AltName: Full=Gamma-terpinene hydroxylase {ECO:0000305|Ref.1};
DE AltName: Full=Limonene hydroxylase {ECO:0000305|Ref.1};
GN Name=CYP71D181 {ECO:0000303|Ref.1};
OS Thymus vulgaris (Thyme).
OC Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
OC Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae;
OC asterids; lamiids; Lamiales; Lamiaceae; Nepetoideae; Mentheae; Thymus.
OX NCBI_TaxID=49992;
RN [1]
RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], FUNCTION, CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, PATHWAY, AND
RP BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
RC STRAIN=cv. Tc; TISSUE=Leaf;
RA Crocoll C.;
RT "Biosynthesis of the phenolic monoterpenes, thymol and carvacrol, by
RT terpene synthases and cytochrome P450s in oregano and thyme.";
RL Thesis (2011), Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany.
RN [2]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=24915411; DOI=10.1080/10408398.2011.653458;
RA Suntres Z.E., Coccimiglio J., Alipour M.;
RT "The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol.";
RL Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 55:304-318(2015).
RN [3]
RP REVIEW ON THYMOL, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=29785774; DOI=10.1002/ptr.6109;
RA Salehi B., Mishra A.P., Shukla I., Sharifi-Rad M., Contreras M.D.M.,
RA Segura-Carretero A., Fathi H., Nasrabadi N.N., Kobarfard F.,
RA Sharifi-Rad J.;
RT "Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses.";
RL Phytother. Res. 32:1688-1706(2018).
RN [4]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL AND THYMOL, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=29874939; DOI=10.1080/14786419.2018.1480618;
RA Wang K., Jiang S., Yang Y., Fan L., Su F., Ye M.;
RT "Synthesis and antifungal activity of carvacrol and thymol esters with
RT heteroaromatic carboxylic acids.";
RL Nat. Prod. Res. 33:1924-1930(2019).
RN [5]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=33664752; DOI=10.3389/fpls.2020.601335;
RA Javed H., Meeran M.F.N., Jha N.K., Ojha S.;
RT "Carvacrol, a plant metabolite targeting viral protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in
RT host cells can be a possible candidate for COVID-19.";
RL Front. Plant Sci. 11:601335-601335(2020).
RN [6]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=32448034; DOI=10.1080/07391102.2020.1772112;
RA Kumar A., Choudhir G., Shukla S.K., Sharma M., Tyagi P., Bhushan A.,
RA Rathore M.;
RT "Identification of phytochemical inhibitors against main protease of COVID-
RT 19 using molecular modeling approaches.";
RL J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 4:1-11(2020).
RN [7]
RP REVIEW ON CARVACROL DERIVATIVES, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=30836858; DOI=10.1080/07391102.2019.1590243;
RA Zengin Kurt B., Durdagi S., Celebi G., Ekhteiari Salmas R., Sonmez F.;
RT "Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling studies of
RT novel carvacrol-substituted amide derivatives.";
RL J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 38:841-859(2020).
RN [8]
RP REVIEW ON PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=32834111; DOI=10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128823;
RA Kulkarni S.A., Nagarajan S.K., Ramesh V., Palaniyandi V., Selvam S.P.,
RA Madhavan T.;
RT "Computational evaluation of major components from plant essential oils as
RT potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.";
RL J. Mol. Struct. 1221:128823-128823(2020).
RN [9]
RP REVIEW ON PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS EFFECTS ON COVID-19, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.
RX PubMed=33855010; DOI=10.3389/fchem.2021.642026;
RA Yadalam P.K., Varatharajan K., Rajapandian K., Chopra P., Arumuganainar D.,
RA Nagarathnam T., Sohn H., Madhavan T.;
RT "Antiviral essential oil components against SARS-CoV-2 in pre-procedural
RT mouth rinses for dental settings during COVID-19: A computational study.";
RL Front. Chem. 9:642026-642026(2021).
CC -!- FUNCTION: Involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic monoterpenes natural
CC products thymol and carvacrol which have a broad range of biological
CC activities acting as antimicrobial compounds, insecticides,
CC antioxidants and pharmaceutical agents (Ref.1). Catalyzes the C2-
CC hydroxylation of gamma-terpinene and alpha-terpinene to produce
CC carvacrol (Ref.1). Mediates also the C6-hydroxylation of (4S)-limonene
CC and (4R)-limonene to form carveol (Ref.1). {ECO:0000269|Ref.1}.
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=gamma-terpinene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein
CC reductase] = carvacrol + 2 H(+) + 3 H2O + 2 oxidized [NADPH--
CC hemoprotein reductase]; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:67404, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11964,
CC Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11965, ChEBI:CHEBI:3440, ChEBI:CHEBI:10577,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:57618, ChEBI:CHEBI:58210; Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:67405;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=(4S)-limonene + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] =
CC (1S,5R)-carveol + H(+) + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein
CC reductase]; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:17945, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11964, Rhea:RHEA-
CC COMP:11965, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:15383, ChEBI:CHEBI:15389, ChEBI:CHEBI:57618,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58210; EC=1.14.14.51; Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:17946;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=(4R)-limonene + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] =
CC (1R,5S)-carveol + H(+) + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein
CC reductase]; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:18957, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11964, Rhea:RHEA-
CC COMP:11965, ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:15382, ChEBI:CHEBI:15388, ChEBI:CHEBI:57618,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:58210; EC=1.14.14.53; Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:18958;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC -!- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY:
CC Reaction=alpha-terpinene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein
CC reductase] = carvacrol + 2 H(+) + 3 H2O + 2 oxidized [NADPH--
CC hemoprotein reductase]; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:67412, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11964,
CC Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11965, ChEBI:CHEBI:3440, ChEBI:CHEBI:10334,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:15377, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:15379,
CC ChEBI:CHEBI:57618, ChEBI:CHEBI:58210; Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC PhysiologicalDirection=left-to-right; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:67413;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC -!- COFACTOR:
CC Name=heme; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:30413;
CC Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q96242};
CC -!- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
CC pH dependence:
CC Optimum pH is 6.8-7. {ECO:0000269|Ref.1};
CC -!- PATHWAY: Secondary metabolite biosynthesis; terpenoid biosynthesis.
CC {ECO:0000269|Ref.1}.
CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane {ECO:0000255}; Single-pass type II
CC membrane protein {ECO:0000305}.
CC -!- BIOTECHNOLOGY: The monoterpenic phenol thymol is widely used as a
CC fragrance and a flavoring ingredient in food and cosmetic industries
CC (PubMed:29785774). Its derivatives have also several biological and
CC pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant,
CC anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic activities
CC (PubMed:29785774, PubMed:29874939). Medical applications include the
CC treatment of disorders affecting the respiratory, nervous, and
CC cardiovascular systems (PubMed:29785774). It may also act as a growth
CC enhancer and immunomodulator (PubMed:29785774). Thymol may also have
CC antiviral activity toward COVID-19 by binding to the S1 receptor
CC binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein
CC (PubMed:32834111, PubMed:33855010). {ECO:0000303|PubMed:29785774,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:29874939, ECO:0000303|PubMed:32834111,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:33855010}.
CC -!- BIOTECHNOLOGY: The monoterpenic phenol carvacrol is commonly used as a
CC fragrance and a food flavoring ingredient and preservative
CC (PubMed:24915411). Its derivatives exhibit also various biological and
CC pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antibacterial,
CC antifungal, insecticid, nematicid, anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
CC hepatoprotective, spasmolytic, and vasorelaxant (PubMed:24915411,
CC PubMed:29874939, PubMed:30836858, PubMed:33664752). Phytochemical
CC inhibitor targeting the main SARS-CoV-2 viral protease (Mpro) and ACE2
CC in human host cells, carvacrol is a possible candidate for treating
CC COVID-19 (PubMed:33664752, PubMed:32448034). Carvacrol may also have
CC antiviral activity toward COVID-19 by binding to the S1 receptor
CC binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein
CC (PubMed:32834111, PubMed:33855010). {ECO:0000303|PubMed:24915411,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:29874939, ECO:0000303|PubMed:30836858,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:32448034, ECO:0000303|PubMed:32834111,
CC ECO:0000303|PubMed:33664752, ECO:0000303|PubMed:33855010}.
CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR SMR; P0DO42; -.
DR UniPathway; UPA00213; -.
DR GO; GO:0016021; C:integral component of membrane; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0020037; F:heme binding; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0005506; F:iron ion binding; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0004497; F:monooxygenase activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR GO; GO:0016705; F:oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen; IEA:InterPro.
DR GO; GO:0016114; P:terpenoid biosynthetic process; IEA:UniProtKB-UniPathway.
DR Gene3D; 1.10.630.10; -; 1.
DR InterPro; IPR001128; Cyt_P450.
DR InterPro; IPR017972; Cyt_P450_CS.
DR InterPro; IPR002401; Cyt_P450_E_grp-I.
DR InterPro; IPR036396; Cyt_P450_sf.
DR Pfam; PF00067; p450; 1.
DR PRINTS; PR00463; EP450I.
DR PRINTS; PR00385; P450.
DR SUPFAM; SSF48264; SSF48264; 1.
DR PROSITE; PS00086; CYTOCHROME_P450; 1.
PE 1: Evidence at protein level;
KW Heme; Iron; Membrane; Metal-binding; Monooxygenase; Oxidoreductase;
KW Signal-anchor; Transmembrane; Transmembrane helix.
FT CHAIN 1..496
FT /note="Cytochrome P450 71D181"
FT /id="PRO_0000453329"
FT TRANSMEM 1..21
FT /note="Helical; Signal-anchor for type II membrane protein"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000255"
FT REGION 471..496
FT /note="Disordered"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT BINDING 435
FT /ligand="heme"
FT /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:30413"
FT /ligand_part="Fe"
FT /ligand_part_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:18248"
FT /note="axial binding residue"
FT /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q96242"
SQ SEQUENCE 496 AA; 56034 MW; 9D9C52C37C9632F4 CRC64;
MDISILWVAI ILVISSYFIF MNKWRAAKLP ENLPPSPPKL PVIGHLHLLR GGLPQHVLRG
ITQKYGAVAH LQLGEVYSVV LSSAESTKQA MKVLDPTFAD RFDSFGSQIM WYNNNDMIFS
RYNDHWRQIR KICVSELLSP KNVRSFGFIR QDEMARLIRV FESSVGVPIN ASEEISKMSC
AIVCRAAFGS VLKDQGLLAD LVKEALGMAS GFELADLYPS SWLLNLLCFN KYRLRRMRQR
LDDILDGFLE EHRVKKSGEF GGEDIIDVLY RMQKDSENKV PITNSGIKGF IFDVFSAGTE
TSATTIQWAL SELMKNPEKL AKAQAEVREK LKGKTNPDVA EVQEIKYPHS VVKETLRLHP
PFPLIPRLCK EECEVTGYTI PAKTRILVNV WSIGRDPAYW KDPDTFNPDR FDEVSRDVIG
NDFELIPFGA GRRICPGLHF GLANVEVPLA QLLYHFEWKL PQGMTPADMD MSETPGLSGP
RKNPLIMVPT IHNPTS
