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ACTPB_ACTFR
ID   ACTPB_ACTFR             Reviewed;         179 AA.
AC   A0A515MEN7;
DT   29-SEP-2021, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   29-SEP-2021, sequence version 2.
DT   03-AUG-2022, entry version 13.
DE   RecName: Full=DELTA-actitoxin-Afr1c {ECO:0000305};
DE            Short=DELTA-AITX-Afr1c {ECO:0000305};
DE   AltName: Full=Alpha-helical pore-forming toxin {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6};
DE            Short=PFT {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6};
DE   AltName: Full=Cytolysin {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6};
DE   AltName: Full=Fragaceatoxin B {ECO:0000303|PubMed:31295915};
DE            Short=fraB {ECO:0000303|PubMed:31295915};
OS   Actinia fragacea (Strawberry anemone).
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Cnidaria; Anthozoa; Hexacorallia; Actiniaria;
OC   Actiniidae; Actinia.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=396334;
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 13-179, PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 1-20, FUNCTION,
RP   MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
RX   PubMed=31295915; DOI=10.3390/toxins11070401;
RA   Morante K., Bellomio A., Viguera A.R., Gonzalez-Manas J.M., Tsumoto K.,
RA   Caaveiro J.M.M.;
RT   "The isolation of new pore-forming toxins from the sea anemone Actinia
RT   fragacea provides insights into the mechanisms of actinoporin evolution.";
RL   Toxins 11:0-0(2019).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Pore-forming toxin (PFT) that consists of a crown-shaped
CC       octamer or nonamer that forms cation-selective hydrophilic pores of
CC       about 1.5 nm (inside) and 13 nm (outside) (By similarity). It causes
CC       cardiac stimulation (By similarity). Also causes hemolysis (HC(50)=0.3
CC       nM) (PubMed:31295915). Interestingly, the Phe-16 is crucial for
CC       hemolysis (By similarity). Pore formation is a multi-step process that
CC       involves specific recognition of membrane sphingomyelin (but neither
CC       cholesterol nor phosphatidylcholine) using aromatic rich region and
CC       adjacent phosphocholine (POC) binding site, firm binding to the
CC       membrane (mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions) accompanied by the
CC       transfer of the N-terminal region to the lipid-water interface and
CC       finally pore formation after oligomerization of monomers (By
CC       similarity). It is probable that a dimeric form is an assembly
CC       intermediate before the complete oligomerization (By similarity). The
CC       formation of stable pores occurs only in vesicles composed of DOPC/SM
CC       (there is no oligomerization when the PFT is treated with vesicles of
CC       DOPC or SM alone) (By similarity). The transmembrane pore displays 8
CC       lateral perforations, one at each subunit-subunit interface, partially
CC       occupied by the acyl-chain region of a bridging lipid (By similarity).
CC       Each pore contains 24 lipid molecules, firmly bound to each subunit,
CC       that is, 3 lipids (L1, L2, L3, L4 and/or L5) are associated to each
CC       subunit (By similarity). Lipid L1 bridges 2 subunits, whereas lipids L2
CC       and L3 bind to sites at single subunit (By similarity).
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6, ECO:0000269|PubMed:31295915}.
CC   -!- BIOPHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
CC       Temperature dependence:
CC         Stable up to about 62 degrees Celsius. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:31295915};
CC   -!- SUBUNIT: Octamer or nonamer in membranes. Monomer in the soluble state.
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6}.
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted {ECO:0000269|PubMed:31295915}.
CC       Nematocyst {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P61914}. Target cell membrane
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6}. Note=Forms an alpha-helical membrane
CC       channel in the prey. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6}.
CC   -!- DOMAIN: The N-terminal region, before the pore is formed, is bound to
CC       the lipid membrane. It partitions into the lipid-water interface and
CC       stabilizes the monomeric molecule on the membrane. Finally, it
CC       traverses the bilayer, thus forming the transmembrane pore.
CC       {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P61914}.
CC   -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: Mass=19672; Mass_error=3; Method=Electrospray;
CC       Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:31295915};
CC   -!- MISCELLANEOUS: This protein has been found to bind carbohydrates, since
CC       it shows a substantial delay in elution profile in size-exclusion
CC       chromatography. The carbohydrate pocket ovelaps with the lipid-binding
CC       module of actinoporins. {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6}.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the actinoporin family. Sea anemone subfamily.
CC       {ECO:0000305}.
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DR   EMBL; MK936900; QDM54907.1; -; mRNA.
DR   SMR; A0A515MEN7; -.
DR   GO; GO:0005576; C:extracellular region; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0042151; C:nematocyst; IEA:UniProtKB-SubCell.
DR   GO; GO:0046930; C:pore complex; IEA:InterPro.
DR   GO; GO:0015267; F:channel activity; IEA:InterPro.
DR   GO; GO:0008289; F:lipid binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0090729; F:toxin activity; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0006812; P:cation transport; IEA:InterPro.
DR   GO; GO:0044179; P:hemolysis in another organism; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0046931; P:pore complex assembly; IEA:InterPro.
DR   Gene3D; 2.60.270.20; -; 1.
DR   InterPro; IPR009104; Anemon_actinoporin-like.
DR   InterPro; IPR015926; Cytolysin/lectin.
DR   Pfam; PF06369; Anemone_cytotox; 1.
DR   SUPFAM; SSF63724; SSF63724; 1.
PE   1: Evidence at protein level;
KW   Cytolysis; Direct protein sequencing; Hemolysis; Ion transport;
KW   Lipid-binding; Membrane; Nematocyst; Secreted; Target cell membrane;
KW   Target membrane; Toxin; Transmembrane; Transport.
FT   CHAIN           1..179
FT                   /note="DELTA-actitoxin-Afr1c"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000305|PubMed:31295915"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000453823"
FT   REGION          1..29
FT                   /note="N-terminal alpha-helix that contributes to the pore"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   REGION          105..120
FT                   /note="Trp-rich region, which is important for the binding
FT                   to lipid membrane"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P61914"
FT   MOTIF           144..146
FT                   /note="Cell attachment site"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P61914, ECO:0000255"
FT   BINDING         31
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="1"
FT                   /ligand_note="bridging lipid L1"
FT                   /note="in subunit A; in oligomeric forms only"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         51
FT                   /ligand="N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:84775"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         53
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="2"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L2"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         53
FT                   /ligand="N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:84775"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         54
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="2"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L2"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         79
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="1"
FT                   /ligand_note="bridging lipid L1"
FT                   /note="in subunit B; in oligomeric forms only"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         85
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="2"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L2"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         113
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="2"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L2"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         114
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="5"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L5"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         116
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="3"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L3"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         133
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="4"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L4"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         137
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="3"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L3"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         138
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="4"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L4"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         138
FT                   /ligand="N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:84775"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         144
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="5"
FT                   /ligand_note="lipid L5"
FT                   /note="in monomeric and oligomeric forms"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   BINDING         168
FT                   /ligand="an N-(acyl)-sphingosylphosphocholine"
FT                   /ligand_id="ChEBI:CHEBI:64583"
FT                   /ligand_label="1"
FT                   /ligand_note="bridging lipid L1"
FT                   /note="in subunit A; in oligomeric forms only"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   SITE            16
FT                   /note="Part of the hydrophobic cavity (in subunit A) that
FT                   receives Val-60 from the adjacent subunit (B); essential in
FT                   hemolysis, since it is critical for pore formation in
FT                   cholesterol-rich membrane cells (such as red blood cells)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   SITE            149
FT                   /note="Part of the hydrophobic cavity (in subunit A) that
FT                   receives Val-60 from the adjacent subunit (B)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
FT   SITE            163
FT                   /note="Part of the hydrophobic cavity (in subunit A) that
FT                   receives Val-60 from the adjacent subunit (B)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:B9W5G6"
SQ   SEQUENCE   179 AA;  19672 MW;  BA2341AA9D3E5FF5 CRC64;
     SAEVAGAIID GASLTFDVLQ TVLKALGDVS RKIAVGIDNE PGMTWTAMNT YFRSGTSDVI
     LPHTVPHSKA LLYDGQKNRG PVTTGVVGVI AYAMSDGNTL AVLFSIPFDY NLYSNWWNVK
     VYKGHRRADQ AMYEELYYDF SPFRGDNGWH TKSIGYGLKG RGFMNSSGKA ILQIHVNKV
 
 
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